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1、Intercultural Communication CompetenceCase1. Ive Not Considered Marriage Yet John, 28 years old, an Australian studying Chinese in Beijing, met Li Hua at a dance party. Li Hua, 22, took an instant liking to John the first time they met, as time went on ,they saw more and more of each other. After si
2、x months or so, Li Hua suggests that John meet her parents. Since this was the first time John had visited a Chinese family, he became quite nervous the moment he was introduced to Li Huas parents, elder sister and sister-in-law. Soon after serving him some Chinese tea and fruit, Li Huas mother bega
3、n questioning John about his background, his family and relatives, as well as his economic status. John did his best to answer all of the questions, sometimes in broken Chinese. A few minutes later, Li Huas father turned towards John, and asked a very direct question. He wanted John to tell him when
4、 he would marry Li Hua and where he was going to live and work. John, being a bit surprised at the question, replied that he hadnt thought about marriage. Li Huas father got very upset and angry. He stamped his foot and asked John to leave. As John was about to leave, Li Huas father warned him again
5、st seeing his daughter again. John left, without knowing what he had done to enrage the family. nHowcouldyouexplaintoLiHuasparentsabouttherelationshipbetweenLiHuaandJohn?HowcouldyouexplaintoJohnLiHuasparentsbehavior?Case2.DifferentAttitudesTowardaFlyinaBeernIfinthedininghall,aflywasseeninaglassofbee
6、r,anEnglishmanwouldsay,“MayIhaveanother,please?”;aFrenchmanwouldpourthebeerout;aSpanishmanwouldputthemoneyonthetableandleavewithoutaword;aJapanesewouldsummonthemanagerandcriticize,“Doyoudoallyourbusinesslikethis?”;anArabwouldgivethebeertothewaiterandsay,“Illbuyyouadrink.”;andthemorehumorousAmericanw
7、ouldsaytothewaiter,“Pleaseservetheflyandbeerseparately.Ifthecustomerlikesthefly,hecouldputitintohisbeerhimself.”Case3.Haveyouhadyourlunch?Whereareyougoing?WhenIfirstwenttoHongKonganumberofyearsago,IhadnoideaabouttheChineselanguageortheChineseculture.Shortlyaftermyarrival,Iwenttothebankonmywaytoschoo
8、l.IwasextremelysurprisedwhenthebankclerkaskedmeifIhadhadlunch.InBritishculture,thequestionwouldberegardedasanindirectinvitationtolunch,andbetweenunmarriedyoungpeople，itindicatesayoungmansinterestindatingagirl.Sincehewasacompletelystranger,Iwasquitetakenaback.Iproceededtoschoolandwasevenmoresurprised
9、whenoneoftheteachersaskedmethesamequestion.BynowIrealizedthatitcouldnotbeaninvitation,butIwaspuzzledastowhytheykeptaskingit.Inthefollowingdays,asIwasaskedthequestionagainandagain,Icametotheconclusionthatpeoplemustbeconcernedmyhealth.Iwassomewhatunderweight,andIassumedtheymustbeworriedthatIwasnoteati
10、ngproperly.Onlylater,didIfindoutthatthequestionhadnorealSignificanceatall,itwasmerelyagreeting.Case4.nTherehasbeenaveryfamousbrandofbatteryinChina:WhiteElephant.SupposethisproductistobeexportedtotheUKortheUSA.Itsverylikelytofailwithoutchangingitsbrandname.why?1.Factors underlying Intercultural Commu
11、nication Competence2.Definitions: Communication Competence and Intercultural Communication CompetencenCompetent communication nCommunication competencen Intercultural competence nIntercultural communication competence2.1Competent communication Competent communication is interactionthat is perceived
12、as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives and is alsoappropriate to the context in which theinteraction occurs.2.2Communication Competence nCommunication competence is a social judgment that people make about others.2.3Intercultural CompetenceThe ability to become effective and appropri
13、ate in interacting across cultures.2.4Intercultural communication competenceIntercultural communication competence refers to the ability to accomplish effective and appropriate intercultural communication between communicators of different cultures.3.The Components of Intercultural CompetencenIndivi
14、dual Components of Intercultural Competence: Individual components usually include motivation, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills.nContextual Components of Intercultural Competence3.1Individual Components of Intercultural Competencea.MotivationMotivation includes the overall set of emotional
15、 associations that people have as they actually communicate inter-culturally.b. KnowledgeThe knowledge component comprises various cognitive aspects of communication competence; it involves what we know about ourselves and others, and about various aspects of communication. c. AttitudesMany attitude
16、s contribute to intercultural communication competence, including tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmentalness.d. Behaviors and skillsThere seem to be two levels of behavioral competence. The macro level includes many culture-general behaviors, then there is the micro level, at which thes
17、e general behaviors are implemented in culture-specific ways3.2Contextual Components of Intercultural Competencen- Context refers to all the information in the actual communication setting, so some intercultural communication scholars would use another term “situational features” to refer to the con
18、text. n- Another aspect of context is the communicators position within a speech community. n- In addition, an individuals competence may be constrained by the political, economic, and historical contexts.4.CommunicationCharacteristicsnTraitCommunicationCharacteristicsDominantSpeaksfrequentlyandcont
19、rolsconversations.DramaticVeryexpressivelanguage.Oftenexaggeratesandembellishes.ContentiousArgumentativeandoftenhostile.AnimatedEnergeticandexpressivegestures,facialexpressionsandthelike.Impression-leavingStateideasandfeelingsinanindeliblefashion.Relaxedcalm,comfortable,andseldomnervousaroundothers.
20、AttentiveGoodlistener.Offersverbalandnonverbalencouragementtothespeaker.OpenDisclosespersonalinformation,showsemotionsandfeelings.FriendlyOfferspositivefeedbackandencouragement.5.1Strategies and Skills for Improving Intercultural Competencena. know yourselfnb. consider the physical and human setting
21、snc. Seek to understand diverse message systemsnd. develop empathyne. improving empathynf. encourage feedbackng. learn about cultural adaptation5.2Skills for Improving Intercultural Competencena. Try to Accept Differing Opinionsnb. Make Your Verbal Messages nc. Avoid Dominating Conversationsnd. Avoi
22、d Being Submissive in Conversationsne. Be an AffirmerWhenincommunication,frequentlycheck:nDoIseemateaseortense?nDoIoftenchangethetopicwithouttakingtheotherpersonintoconsideration?nDoIsmileoften?nDoIinterruptrepeatedly?nDoIdeprecatethestatementsofothers?nDoIshowsympathywhensomeonehasaproblem?nDomyact
23、ionstendtolowertheotherpersonsself-esteem?DoIemployapleasanttoneofvoicewhenItalktopeople?nDoItendtopickthetopicsfordiscussionordoIsharetopicselection?nWhatdoesmytoneofvoicesuggest?nHowdoIreacttobeingtouched?.5.3ConsiderthephysicalandhumanSettingsnTimingnPhysicalsettingnCustomsOnesabilitytoadapttothe
24、customsofeachculturewill,toalargeextent,determinethesuccessofyourinterculturalencounters.5.4SeektounderstandDiverseMessageSystemnLanguagecodingnNon-verbalcoding5.5DevelopEmpathyn“Weshouldnotjudgeanotherpersonuntilwehavewalkedtwomoonsinhismoccasins.nBeabletoseethingsfromthepointofviewofothers.n“Empat
25、hyhasbeenrecognizedasimportantbothtogeneralcommunicationcompetenceandasacentralcharacteristicofcompetentandeffectiveinterculturalcommunication.”HindrancestoEmpathynConstantself-focusnThetendencytonotesomefeaturestotheexclusionofothersoftencausesustomisusethedatawegatheraboutanotherperson.nStereotype
26、dnotionsconcerninggender,raceandcultureserveaspotentialstumblingblockstoempathy.nDogmatismisanotherattitudethatkeepsusfromdevelopingempathy.nLackofmotivation.ImprovingempathynPayingattentionnTrytobeexpressive(empathyisareciprocalact.)nBesensitivetothevaluesandcustomsoftheculturewithwhichyouareintera
27、cting.nAvoidinterpretingtheothersverbalandnonverbalactionsfromyourownculturesorientation.5.6EncourageFeedbacknNonverbalactions：smile,headnoddingnPositiveverbalbehavior:askingquestions,like“howdoyouthinkwe.”nSilence,(e.g.someAsianculturesdonotenjoybeinghurriedwhentheynegotiateorsolveproblemsCulturalA
28、daptationnU-curvePattern(1960)nStress-Adaptation-GrowthDynamic(YongYunKim2001)nAdialecticalModel(Anderson1994)nATransformativeLearningModeln(Mezirrow1978,1981,1991,;KimRuben1988;Talylor1994)U-curvePatternStress-Adaptation-GrowthmodelLearnaboutCultureAdaptationnAcquireknowledgeaboutthehostCulturenLearntobeopenandflexiblenIncreasecontactwiththehostcultureThanks for your attention!
