斯特林发动机,动力与能源工程学院 张新玉 教授,斯特林发动机 引言,思考：何为斯特林发动机? 举几个例子， 斯特林发动机模型视频， 斯特林发动机小车视频， 斯特林发动机模型演示斯特林发动机 引言,那么，何为斯特林发动机？ 再看一个例子： Animated Engines, Single Cylinder Stirling.htm 概念： 斯特林发动机也称热气机，属外燃机热气机的工质被密封在闭式循环回路中，有一个外部加热（或燃烧）装置对工质加热 实际上，完整的斯特林发动机系统包括外部供热系统、闭式循环系统、动力传动系统、调节控制系统等斯特林发动机 起源,十八世纪瓦特发明蒸汽机后，世界上相继出现了具有相当功率的动力机械，因而引起了当时欧洲的产业革命 当时蒸汽机工作很不可靠，效率极低，当时有人认为，如果用热的气体来代替蒸汽，就可以避免因冷凝而造成的热损失 1820年，英国牧师罗伯特·斯特林（Robert Stirling）根据这一设想发明了外部燃烧的闭式循环热空气机，即斯特林发动机Robert Stirling.htm,斯特林发动机 工作原理,思考：斯特林发动机是如何工作的呢?,斯特林发动机 工作原理,MM-7 Stirling Engine The amazing MM-7 Stirling engine will run indefinitely on just the heat from your warm hand! As a gift, conversation piece, or classroom demo, you can be sure it will be unique and attention getting. Our Price: $379.00 computer video,斯特林发动机 工作原理,Coffee stirling,See the video of the Stirling engine MM-1 inaction,斯特林发动机 工作原理,再给出几张图片，从不同的角度观察，结构比较简单，甚至有专门的国外网站介绍用简易的材料（如易拉罐制作热气机模型） SFA Stirling Engine Project.htm,斯特林发动机 工作原理,精美的热气机模型 Van Arsdell Stirling engine A limited edition Stirling engine with an elegant Victorian look. Price: $1979.00,斯特林发动机 工作原理,那么热气机是如何工作的呢？,对应左图，我们看这样一个动画 Stirling-engine-displacer.swf,斯特林发动机 工作原理,对于这样一个热气机，有以下描述 Stirling-engine-displacer.swf,In the figure above, you can see two pistons: The power piston - This is the smaller piston at the top of the engine. It is a tightly-sealed piston that moves up as the gas inside the engine expands. The displacer - This is the large piston in the drawing. This piston is very loose in its cylinder, so air can move easily between the heated and cooled sections of the engine as the piston moves up and down.,斯特林发动机 工作原理,以一个β型结构的热气机为例，介绍其工作原理 Animated Engines： Single Cylinder Stirling.htm This type of Stirling engine, known as the beta configuration, features just one cylinder with a hot end and a cool end. The working gas is transferred from one end of the cylinder to the other by a device called a displacer (here illustrated in blue). The displacer resembles a large piston, except that it has a smaller diameter than the cylinder, thus its motion does not change the volume of gas in the cylinder - it merely transfers the gas around within the cylinder,斯特林发动机 工作原理,The same four phases of the Stirling cycle are at work here:,,,,,,Expansion. At this point, most of the gas in the system has just been driven to the hot end of the cylinder. The gas heats and expands driving the piston outward.,Transfer. At this point, the gas has expanded. Most of the gas is still located in the hot end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crankshaft the next quarter turn. The bulk of the gas is transferred around the displacer to the cool end of the cylinder.,,,,,,斯特林发动机 工作原理,The same four phases of the Stirling cycle are at work here:,,,,,,Contraction. Now the majority of the expanded gas has been shifted to the cool end. It contracts, drawing the piston inward.,Transfer. The contracted gas is still located near the cool end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crank another quarter turn, moving the displacer and transferring the bulk of the gas back to the hot end of the cylinder.,,,,,,斯特林发动机 工作原理,回头再看一下MM-7的工作原理Stirling-engine-displacer.swf,When the displacer is near the bottom of the large cylinder, most of the gas inside the engine cools and contracts. This causes the pressure to drop, making it easier for the power piston to move down and compress the gas.,This is a gamma type stirling, The displacer moves up and down to control whether the gas in the engine is being heated or cooled. There are two positions: When the displacer is near the top of the large cylinder, most of the gas inside the engine is heated by the heat source and it expands. Pressure builds inside the engine, forcing the power piston up.,斯特林发动机 工作原理,一般人们将热气机分为alpha(α)、 beta(β)、gamma(γ)三种类型，上面分别介绍的是beta(β)和gamma(γ)型的工作原理，我们再看一下alpha(α)型。
我们这里介绍alpha(α)型热气机，采用两个气缸，一个是hot cylinder，一个是cool cylinder，实际布置时，一般呈90°后面再介绍按实际布置形式的alpha(α)型热气机的工作原理，这里先以一个分步动作的动画介绍一下这种类型的热气机的工作原理 stirling-engine-cycle.swf This section described the ideal Stirling cycle. Actual working engines vary the cycle slightly because of the physical limitations of their design.,斯特林发动机 工作原理,The Stirling engine only makes power during the first part of the cycle. There are two main ways to increase the power output of a Stirling cycle: Increase power output in stage one - In part one of the cycle, the pressure of the heated gas pushing against the piston performs work. Increasing the pressure during this part of the cycle will increase the power output of the engine. One way of increasing the pressure is by increasing the temperature of the gas. When we take a look at a two-piston Stirling engine later in this article, we'll see how a device called a regenerator can improve the power output of the engine by temporarily storing heat.,斯特林发动机 工作原理,Decrease power usage in stage three - In part three of the cycle, the pistons perform work on the gas, using some of the power produced in part 。