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1、国家责任,不法行为的责任 合法行为的责任 国际刑事责任,一、国家对其国际不法行为的责任,（一）国家对其国际不法行为的责任 1、一国的每一国际不法行为引起该国的国际责任。,2、相关司法判例： 霍茹夫工厂案 美国驻德黑兰的外交和领事人员案 尼加拉瓜军事和准军事行动案,3、构成国际不法行为的要素 行为可归因于国家； 该行为是对国际义务的违背。例如：科孚海峡案。,4、归于国家的行为 （1）国家机关的行为 立法、司法、行政或行使任何其他职能的机关； 上级机关或下级机关； 领土单位机关； 具有机关单位的任何人或实体。,（2）授权行使政府权力要素的人或实体的行为。 包括私人、国营公司、准国营实体、政府的各种
2、代理机构；特殊情况下，还包括私营公司；,（3）受一国指挥或控制的行为： 个人接受国家的指示实施不法行为； 个人在国家的指挥或控制下实施不法行为。 例如：斯蒂芬斯案。,（4）在正式当局不存在或缺席和在需要行使政府权力要素的情况下实际上行使政府权力要素，其行为应视为国家行为。 例如：伊格尔诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国案。,（5）国家承认并接受其为本国的行为 例如：美国驻德黑兰外交和领事人员案； 阿道夫 艾希曼事件。,（6）由另一国交由一国支配的机关的行为。第一：一国交由另一国处置的机构必须具有前一国的国家机关的法律地位；第二：在受益国的支配下，该机构的行为必须包含行使受益国的政府权力要素。 例如：Chevr
3、eau Case,（7）国家机关或行使政府权力要素的人的越权或违背指示的行为。 例如：Youmans Case.,（8）叛乱运动或其他运动的行为。 成为一国新政府的叛乱运动行为视为该国的行为； 在一个已经存在的国家的一部分领土或其管辖下的某一领土内组成一个新国家的叛乱运动机关的行为，视为新国家的行为；,2、解除行为不当性的情况： （1）同意 （2）自卫 （3）反措施 （4）不可抗力 （5）危难：彩虹勇士号案 （6）危急情况,3、国际不法行为的后果 （1）继续履行； （2）停止和不重复； （3）赔偿：恢复原状、补偿和抵偿。 抵偿：正式道歉、表示遗憾、成人不法行为、对非金钱损害做出象征性的损害赔偿
4、或其他恰当的方式。,国际法不加禁止的行为所产生损害性后果的国际责任,一、法律规范： 关于核损害的民事责任的维也纳公约、核动力船舶经营人公约、防止船舶造成污染的国际公约、空间物体造成损害的国家责任公约等条约。 国际习惯法 正在制定的草案/Draft Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising out of Hazardous Activities,Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transbounda
5、ry harm arising out of hazardous activities,The General Assembly, Reaffirming Principles 13 and 16 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Recalling the Draft articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, Aware that incidents involving hazardous activitie
6、s may occur despite compliance by the relevant State with its obligations concerning prevention of transboundary harm from hazardous activities,Noting that as a result of such incidents other States and/or their nationals may suffer harm and serious loss, Emphasizing that appropriate and effective m
7、easures should be in place to ensure that those natural and legal persons, including States, that incur harm and loss as a result of such incidents are able to obtain prompt and adequate compensation,Concerned that prompt and effective response measures should be taken to minimize the harm and loss
8、which may result from such incidents, Noting that States are responsible for infringements of their obligations of prevention under international law, Recalling the significance of existing international agreements covering specific categories of hazardous activities and stressing the importance of
9、the conclusion of further such agreements, Desiring to contribute to the development of international law in this field,Principle 1 Scope of application The present draft principles apply to transboundary damage caused by hazardous activities not prohibited by international law.,Principle 2 Use of t
10、erms For the purposes of the present draft principles: (a) “damage” means significant damage caused to persons, property or the environment; and includes:,(i) loss of life or personal injury; (ii) loss of, or damage to, property, including property which forms part of the cultural heritage; (iii) lo
11、ss or damage by impairment of the environment; (iv) the costs of reasonable measures of reinstatement of the property, or environment, including natural resources; (v) the costs of reasonable response measures;,(b) “environment” includes natural resources, both abiotic and biotic, such as air, water
12、, soil, fauna and flora and the interaction between the same factors, and the characteristic aspects of the landscape; (c) “hazardous activity” means an activity which involves a risk of causing significant harm; (d) “State of origin” means the State in the territory or otherwise under the jurisdict
13、ion or control of which the hazardous activity is carried out;,(e) “transboundary damage” means damage caused to persons, property or the environment in the territory or in other places under the jurisdiction or control of a State other than the State of origin; (f) “victim” means any natural or leg
14、al person or State that suffers damage; (g) “operator” means any person in command or control of the activity at the time the incident causing transboundary damage occurs.,Principle 3 Purposes The purposes of the present draft principles are: (a) to ensure prompt and adequate compensation to victims
15、 of transboundary damage; and (b) to preserve and protect the environment in the event of transboundary damage, especially with respect to mitigation of damage to the environment and its restoration or reinstatement.,Principle 4 Prompt and adequate compensation 1. Each State should take all necessar
16、y measures to ensure that prompt and adequate compensation is available for victims of transboundary damage caused by hazardous activities located within its territory or otherwise under its jurisdiction or control. 2. These measures should include the imposition of liability on the operator or, where appropriate, other person or entity. Such liability should not require proof of fault. Any conditions, limitations or exceptions to such liability shall be consist
