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1、Unit One Two Words to Avoid, Two to Remember Leading-in Questions: 1. Have you ever felt regretful of doing something? Would you share with us your regretful experiences? 2. What would you say to comfort yourself? 3. What are the two words the author advises the reader to avoid and the two words to
2、remember? “If only” and “next time”, Which do you think are the words to avoid and which two to remember? Give you reasons. 4. How well do you interpret the two phrases”if only”and “next time”?“If only” if it were possible that; used to introduce a wish, esp. one that seems unlikely or impossible; (
3、We must use subjunctive mood after “if only”) Synonyms: provided that, supposed“next time” the time that follows this time; used to introduce a plan esp. one that seems likely and possible;(We should use future tense after “next time”) 5. What are the different effects that theses two phases bring o
4、n you? If only gives a sense of regret and disappointment, While next time provides a feeling of determination and encouragement. Keep saying “if only” would not change anything; on the contrary, it only kept the person facing the wrong way-backward instead of forward. If you form a habit of saying
5、it eventually, the phrase can really turn to an obstruction, a real road lock, an excuse for not trying any more. A psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness. n nAs psychiatry is an area of medicine, As psychiatry is an area
6、of medicine, psychiatrists tend to view and psychiatrists tend to view and conceptualize disordered behavior conceptualize disordered behavior as types of mental illness. Those who as types of mental illness. Those who have mental illness, psychological and have mental illness, psychological and emo
7、tional disorders consult emotional disorders consult psychiatrists.psychiatrists.Sigmund Freud /zikmunt froit/ (1856 - 1939) an Austrian physician and the founder of psychoanalysis. His idea: the unconscious mental processes and his theory that a principal cause of neurosis is the repression of pain
8、ful memories into the unconsciousHis Theory: making the idea of the conscious versus unconscious mind popular. The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what you have. The unconscious includes all the thin
9、gs that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we cant bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud, the unconscious is th
10、e source of our motivations. And yet, we are often driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives, and they are often available to us only in disguised form. We will come back to this.The id, the ego, and the superego “it“ or id :In Freudian theory, the division of the psyche that is t
11、otally unconscious and serves as the source of instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs.私我，本我在弗洛伊德 理论中，完全处于无意识中的心理状态， 它是产生本能冲动和要求直接满足原始欲 望的根源ego: in psychoanalysis, the division of the psyche that is conscious, most immediately controls thought and behavior, and
12、 is most in touch with external reality. 自我在精神分析 学中指有意识的最直接地控制思想和行为 ，与外部世界联系也最多的那部分自我superego: In Freudian theory, the division of the psyche that is formed through the internalization of moral standards of parents and society, and censors and restrains the ego. Mostly unconscious, it is composed of
13、 the ego ideal and the conscience. 超我弗 洛伊德理论中自我的一部分，由父母和社 会道德标准的内在化而形成，审查并约束 自我。通常为无意识的，由自我理想和良 心组成The id works in keeping with the pleasure principle. This is the wish or drive breaking into consciousness. Around this little bit of consciousness, during the first year of a childs life, some of the
14、“it“ becomes “I,“ some of the id becomes ego. The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says “take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found.“ It represents reality and, to a considerable extent, reason. However, as the ego struggles to keep the id ha
15、ppy, it meets with obstacles in the world. It occasionally meets with objects that actually assist it in attaining its goals. And it keeps a record of these obstacles and aides. This record of things to avoid and strategies to take becomes the superego. It is not completed until about seven years of
16、 age. In some people, it never is completed. There are two aspects to the superego: One is the conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The other is called the ego ideal. It derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. The conscience and ego ideal communicate their
