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1、Gallstones 胆结石 Understanding the gallbladder and bile 了解胆囊和胆汁 Bile is made in the liver. It is passed into tiny tubes called bile ducts. These join together (like the branches of a tree) to form the main bile duct. Bile constantly drips down the bile ducts, into the main bile duct, and into the gut.
2、 胆汁产生在肝脏中。它被传递到小管被称为 胆管。这些联合起来（如树枝），以形成主胆 管。胆汁不断滴落下来的胆管，进入主胆管，进 入肠道。 The gallbladder lies under the liver on the right side of the upper abdomen. It is like a pouch which comes off the main bile duct and fills with bile. It is a reservoir which stores bile. The gallbladder contracts (squeezes) when
3、we eat. This empties the stored bile back into the main bile duct. The bile passes along the remainder of the bile duct into the duodenum (the first part of the gut after the stomach). 胆囊位于右侧的上腹部的肝脏下。它像一小袋，其脱落的主 要胆管和充满胆汁。这是一个“蓄水池”，它存储胆汁。当我们 吃食物时，胆囊挤压。此清空存储胆汁回主胆管。胆汁沿着胆管 的剩余部分到十二指肠（肠胃后的第一部分）通过。胆汁帮助消 化
4、食物，特别是脂肪的食物。 Bile helps to digest food, particularly fatty foods. 胆汁帮助消化食物，特别是脂肪的食物。 What are gallstones? 什么是胆结石？ Gallstones occur when bile, which is normally fluid, forms stones. They commonly contain lumps of cholesterol- like (fatty) material that has solidified and hardened. Sometimes bile pigm
5、ents or calcium deposits form gallstones. Sometimes just a few small stones are formed, sometimes a great many. Occasionally, just one large stone is formed. 胆结石发生时胆汁，这通常是流体，形成结石。它们 通常含有的胆固醇类（脂肪酸）的材料块体，且已固化和 硬化。有时胆色素或钙盐沉积形成胆结石。有时只是一些 小的结石形成，有时很多。偶尔，只是一个大石头就形成 了。 About 1 in 3 women, and 1 in 6 men, f
6、orm gallstones at some stage in their life. They become more common with increasing age. The risk of forming gallstones increases with pregnancy, obesity, and if you take certain medicines. Being vegetarian and drinking a moderate amount of alcohol reduces the risk of forming gallstones. 约1/3的女性，16名
7、男子，形成胆结石在一生中的 某个阶段。他们成为随着年龄的增加更为常见。形成 胆结石的风险与怀孕，肥胖会增加，如果你把某些药 物。作为素食主义者，饮酒适量减少形成胆结石的风 险。 What problems can gallstones cause? 什么可以导致胆结石？ Usually none Most people with gallstones do not know they have them. The stones stay in the gallbladder and cause no symptoms. (Because gallstones are common, they
8、are often found when the abdomen is scanned or x-rayed. These tests may be done when looking for the cause of abdominal symptoms. If gallstones are found this does not always mean that they are the cause of symptoms. They may be, but they are sometimes blamed for causing symptoms which are due to ot
9、her causes.) 通常患有胆结石的人不知道他们有结石。结石停留在胆囊并引起任 何症状。因为胆结石是常见的，他们往往发现腹部扫描或X光检查时，寻 找腹部症状的原因时，这些检查可以。如果发现胆结石，这并不一定意 味着他们的症状的原因它们可以是，但它们有时指责引起症状这是由于 其他原因造成的。 Possible problems About 3 in 10 people with gallstones develop symptoms or problems. These include: 在10人的胆结石可能有3人出现症状或问题。这些问题包括： Biliary colic. This is
10、 a severe pain in the upper abdomen. The pain is usually worst to the right-hand side, just below the ribs. It is caused by a stone that gets stuck in the cystic duct. This is the small tube that takes bile from the gallbladder to the bile duct. The gallbladder then squeezes hard to dislodge the sto
11、ne, and this causes pain. The pain eases and goes if the gallstone is pushed out into the bile duct (which then usually passes out into the gut), or if it falls back into the gallbladder. Pain can last just a few minutes, but more commonly lasts several hours. A severe pain may only happen once in y
12、our lifetime, or it may flare up from time to time. Sometimes less severe but niggly pains occur now and then, particularly after a fatty meal when the gallbladder contracts most. 疼痛。这是在上腹部剧烈疼痛。疼痛通常最坏的右手侧是，只是肋条下面。它是由卡在 胆囊管的石头造成的。这是小管中的胆汁从胆囊到胆管。胆囊然后挤压很难再被动摇的石 头，这会导致疼痛。疼痛减轻并进入如果胆石被推出到胆管（然后通常穿出进入肠道）， 或
13、者如果它落回到胆囊。疼痛可以持续短短几分钟，但更常见的持续几个小时。剧烈疼痛 可能只发生一次，在你的一生，也可能不时爆发时间。有时不那么严重，但会时不时的再 出现，尤其是在脂肪餐后胆囊活动时最容易。 Inflammation of the gallbladder. This is called cholecystitis. This can lead to infection in the gallbladder. Symptoms usually develop quickly and include abdominal pain, fever, and being generally un
14、well. You will normally be admitted to hospital and have your gallbladder removed soon if you develop this problem. 胆囊发炎。这就是所谓的胆囊 炎。这可能会导致感染的胆囊。症状通常发展迅速 ，包括腹痛，发热，且通常是不舒服。你通常会被 送往医院接受治疗，让您的胆囊移除很快，如果你 早期发现了这个问题。 Jaundice This is an uncommon complication of gallstones. It occurs if a gallstone comes ou
15、t of the gallbladder, but gets stuck in the bile duct. Bile then cannot pass into the gut, and so seeps into the bloodstream. This causes you to go yellow (jaundiced). The stone may eventually be passed into the gut. However, it is common to need an operation to remove a gallstone which has become s
16、tuck in the bile duct. (Note: there are many other causes of jaundice apart from gallstones.) 黄疸，这是胆结石的一种罕见的并发 症。它发生，如果一个胆石出来胆囊，但卡在胆管。胆汁然后 不能通过进入肠道，所以渗透到血液中。这会导致你去黄。这 块石头可能最终被传递到肠道。然而，它是常见的需要手术以 去除胆石这已成为卡在胆管。 （注：有黄疸除了胆结石的许多 其他原因。） Pancreatitis. This is an inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas makes a fluid rich in enzymes (chemicals which digest food). The pancreatic fluid travels down the pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct and bile duct join together just before openi
