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1、名名 词词中考语法中考语法 名词概述 名词表示人、事物、地点、现象或抽象概念等的名称。如:teacher, desk, England, love等 考点分布 (1)可数名词及其单复数(2)不可数名词(3)专有名词(4)名词所有格 考点梳理 考点一考点一 名词的分类名词的分类专有名词第一个字母大写,前面不加the人名如:Thomas, Uncle Bob国家、地名、河流、山川名如:China, Paris, Qifeng团体、机构名称如:Cambridge University时间名、节假日名称如:June, Sunday, Christmas 第一个字母大写,前面加the由普通名词构成的专有
2、名词如:the Great Wall考点梳理 考点一考点一 名词的分类名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词,表示某类人或事物中的个体如:pen, worker集体名词,表示若干个体组成的集合体如:family, class, team不可数名词物质名词,表示无法分为个体的物质或实物如:water, time, air抽象名词,表示品质、状态、感情等抽象的概念如:happiness, honesty(诚实)考点梳理 注意:有些名词既可做可数名词,也可作不可数名词。如:名词用作可数用作不可数名词用作可数用作不可数paper试卷,报纸纸light灯光glass玻璃杯玻璃room房间空间chicken小
3、鸡鸡肉orange 橘子橘子汁考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 1. _ is made of _. A. glass; glass B. A glass; glass C. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses( )2. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples( ) 3.I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange
4、 B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges考点梳理 考点二考点二 名词的数名词的数 1.可数名词单复数的规则变化(表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词)变化规则例 词1 一般情况在词尾加-spenpensdoctordoctors boyboys2在以-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词后面加-esbusbuses dishdishes boxboxes 3以-f或-fe结尾的名词将-f或-fe变为v再加-esknifeknives leafleaves wolfwolves 直接加-sroofroofs gulf
5、gulfs考点梳理 变化规则例 词4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加-esfactoryfactories countrycountries familyfamilies storystories5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,只加-sboyboys daydaystoytoys 6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词加-es (中考常见4个)tomatotomatoes potatopotatoesheroheroes negronegroes (黑人)加-s (中考常见5个)photophotos radioradios pianopianoszoozoos kilokilos 考点梳理 在平
6、常的学习中我们可以用一些耳熟能详的顺口溜巧计一些东西,让杂乱的东西条理化,枯燥的东西趣味化。如: 1. 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词变复数,常见词尾加-es的词有四个:即tomato, potato, hero, negro我们可以这样记: 黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和马铃薯【策略点播】考点梳理 2. 以f(e)结尾的名词变复数,需要把-f(e)改为v,再加-es常见的有9个,它们分别是:wife, knife , wolf,thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf 。可以这样记:妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;(wife,knife , wolf,thief )躲在架后
7、保己命,半片树叶遮目光。(shelf , self,life,half ,leaf )注意:由self构成的复合词,其变化与self相同。如:myself ourselves 【策略点播】考点梳理2.可数名词单复数的不规则变化表现形式例 词1 单复数形式相同sheep, fish, deer等以及汉语中的计量单位如jin, yuan, li等2 只有复数形式glasses(眼镜),trousers, pants, shorts, clothes(衣服)3一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, staff4部分集体名词即可作单数(整体),也可作复数(成员)class, famil
8、y, team, group,couple考点梳理表现形式例 词5复数形式表示特别含义times(时代), papers(报纸), looks(外表), sands(沙滩),matters(礼貌)6改变名词中的元音字母manmen ,womanwomen; footfeet , goosegeese , toothteeth ; mousemice 7 词尾发生变化childchildren; oxoxen 8合成名词主体名词变复数girl friends, boy students, pencil-boxes 两部分都变复数women teachers, men singers考点梳理表现形
9、式例 词9表示国籍,即“某国人”单复数同形Chinese, Japanese, Swiss直接加-sGermans, Americans, Australians, Canadians, Indians-man, -woman结尾的,改为-men, -womenEnglishmanEnglishmen, FrenchmanFrenchmen 注意:有些名词虽然以-s结尾却表示单数,如:news, grass, physics, politics等考点梳理 【考点精练】5. Toms family _ big. Toms family _ film fans. (be)6. The team o
10、ften _ (win) the matches. After winning, the team _ (have) a shower.( ) 7. He is _ . A. an EnglishB.a Englishman C.a EnglishD.English( ) 8. After P.E., I often feel very thirsty.Why not buy some _ to drink? A. bread B. noodles C. apple juice D. teasisarewinshave 考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 9. There are fifty _ i
11、n our school. They are all friendly to us. A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. woman teacher D. women teachers( ) 10. Could you please get me some _? Im hungry. A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg ( ) 11. A/An_ can use his drawings to tell about beautiful mountains, the blue sea and many other thing
12、s. A. actor B. scientist C. artist D. doctor考点梳理 考点三考点三 名词的量名词的量 1. 可数名词的量 可数名词的量可直接用“数字名词的复数”表示,如:two eggs, ten books 2. 不可数名词的量 常见的不可数名词有:music, fun, news, information, advice, weather, homework, work, air, time, money, paper, traffic, practice, progress等。它们不能直接和表示数字的词或a/an连用,没有复数形式。但可以借助量词来表示数量,即
13、“量词名词”,如: a piece of paper, a glass of water, two bowls of rice , five cups of tea考点梳理 常用搭配:a piece of paper/news/bread/meat/ advice/information/ chalk 常见短语:a bottle of , a cup of coffee , a drop of water, a bag of rice,a block of ice, two pieces of, a pair of 3.可数名词与不可数名词的不确切量的表达方式 few, a few, many
14、, several, a (large/small)number of + 可数名词 little, a little, much, a large/small amount of, a great deal of+ 不可数名词 some, any, plenty of , enough, a lot of/lots of+ 可数/不可数名词考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 12. Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef, vegetables and _. A. some rice B. a few rice C. a little rices D.
15、 a rice( ) 13. In _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. few year B. a few years C. few years D. a few years考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 14. We bought _ for my mothers birthday. A. some meats B. some pieces meat C. a piece of meat D. pieces of meats( ) 15. Therere a lot of _ down there, but hardly
16、 any _. A. horse; people B. horses; peoples C. cow; people D. sheep; people考点梳理 考点四考点四 名词所有格(名词的所有格是表名词所有格(名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系)示名词之间的所有关系)1. s所有格(主要表示有生命的人或物的名词)情况构成方式运用举例单数名词加smy dads dog,Williams pupils,Toms car以s结尾的复数名词加the teachers office,her parents bedroom不以s结尾的复数名词加sChildrens Day,peoples life(
17、人民的生活)表示两人共同拥有只在最后一个名词后加sMary and Peters desk(两人共用的桌子)考点梳理 情况构成方式运用举例表示两人各自拥有在各个名词后加sMarys and Lucys rooms(两人各自的房间)表示某人家、店铺等处所所有格后名词可以省略my aunts(house), in the shoes (shop)注意:表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,也可以用s 所有格。如:todays newspaper 今天的报纸 the worlds biggest problem 世界最大的问题an hours walk/ride走路/开车一小时的路程 eight day
18、s holiday = an eight-day holiday 八天的假期考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 16. Is the schoolbag under the desk yours? No, its my _. He left it there just now. A. brother B. brothers C. brothers D. brothers( ) 17. This is_ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Jenny and Marias B. Jennys and Maria C. Jennys and M
19、arias D. Jenny and Maria考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 18.How far is your home from school? Its about two_ walk. A. hours B. hours C. hours D. hour ( ) 19. Where are you going, Lucy? _. A. To my uncle B. To my uncles C. At my uncle D. At my uncles考点梳理 2. of 所有格主要用于无生命的名词,如: the gate of the school 学校大门 a window of t
20、he room 房间的窗子或者是名词或名词的定语较长,如: the death of Dr. Norman Bethune 诺尔曼白求恩大夫的死 the name of the boy sitting near the window 坐在窗边那个男孩儿的名字考点梳理 3. 双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式:名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格,如: a teacher of mine/his/hers/yours/ours/theirs some friends of my fathers 我父亲的几个朋友 注意:有些名词是用介词to来表示所有格。如: the key to the door
21、, the way to school, the answer to the question考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 20. Mr Black is a teacher of _. She and her classmates like him very much. A. my sister B. my sisters C. my sisters D. my sisters( ) 21. I hear you have to get up early every morning. Right. Its one of the _ of my family. A. plans B. jobs
22、 C. programs D. rules( ) 22. Miss Black is a friend of _, she always looks after my sister. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mary mothers 考点梳理 考点五考点五 熟记下列惯用名词复数的词组熟记下列惯用名词复数的词组with ones own eyes 亲眼 make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友shake hands with sb. 与某人握手 take notes 做笔记the sports meeting 运动会do (morn
23、ing/eye) exercises 做早操/眼操cut/break into pieces 切成/打成碎片 the Olympic Games=the Olympics 奥运会考点梳理 【备考策略】 中考英语试题中,考查名词所占的比例很大。考查的形式包括单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、短文填空和书面表达。主要考查三个方面: 1、联系上下文,考查同义词、近义词辨析; 2、可数名词的单复数、不可数名词、抽象名词、名词词组的意义和用法; 3、有关名词的固定搭配和习惯用语等。考点梳理 【备考策略】 在复习中要特别注意上述题型的综合训练,尤其是要注意: 1. 注意结合上下文的语境和句子结构判断词义、词性和单复数等; 2. 注意区分可数名词与不可数名词,尤其是注意有的名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词; 3. 注意掌握极少数的集合名词和抽象名词的用法; 4. 注意掌握一些名词和名词短语的固定搭配以及一词多义的用法。