《2022年湖北省武汉为明实验学校中考英语考前指导人教新目标版》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年湖北省武汉为明实验学校中考英语考前指导人教新目标版（14页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、学习必备欢迎下载考前指导一、选择填空单项选择内容涉及语法、词法、惯用法、句型、口语交际等诸多方面，题目比较灵活，覆盖面广。单项选择题解题技巧。（1） 题目要看准看全；（2）全面分析题干，冷静思考选项；（3）找准题目的考点，反复比较。可用直接法、排除法、推理法、常识法、反证法解题。但多数题目都源于课本 , 一改过去只考查语法知识的传统。分析起来主要有以下一些特点：1题目重视语境的创设，解答必须首先吃透语境，把握题干的全部信息，进行合埋的推断，作深层的理解，并从词法、语法和惯用法、搭配等角度全方位考虑。如：例 1：-Would you like some tea? -Yes, I prefer t
2、ea _ sugar. Ato B with Cthan Dfrom2强调在情景对话场合中考查语言知识，许多题目是由对话构成题材，使语言知识的考查更灵活、更生活化。如：例 2：-When shall we meet again? -Make it _ day you like；it s all the same to me. Aone Banother C. some Dany 解析 选 D。这里 make it 是用来约定时间，从下文智it s all the same to me (这对我来说都一样来看，只能选择D any( 任何；任意 ) 。3题目命题时注重干扰和迷惑，通过各种手段考查综
3、合运用语言的能力。如：例 3 The schools in China are different from _. AAmerica schools Bthat of America C. America Dthose in America 解析选 D 。考查 比较级要在同类事物之间进行比较”和“替代”(the schools用those 来代替)。做题时容易受汉语的习惯思维定势的影响误选C，题目的迷惑性很大。4题目的综合性增强，同时考查两个或两个以上的知识点；有些题目设计了两个或两个以上的空格；有些题目虽然只有一个空格，但涉及多个考点。如：例 4：I don t know if it _ t
4、omorrow. If it _, I wont go. Awill rain；rains B will rain；will rain Crams；rains Drains ；will rain 解析 选 A。这里考查了 if引导宾语从句和条件状语从句两种不同的用法。前面一句中的 if引导的是宾语从句，由于主句的时态是现在时态，因此宾语从句根据需要用一般将来时 , 而后一句 if引导的条件是状语从句， 因主句是一般将来时， 从句只能用一般现在时。所以做题时要看清题干，注意常用的语法现象，语言环境和习惯用语，常采用择优法，排除法、比较法、运用逻辑推理法、固定结构判断法。在做题的过程中，务必看清句
5、子的干扰项。1冠词： 字母（单词） 里以元音开头的，如表示一个 （件、 只） 则用“an” an “f(l,m,n,s,x,a,e,i,o,r,h)” an hour an orange an honest boy an eight-year-old boy an eleven-metre-wide river an unusual day 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载字母（单词）中以辅音开头的，如表示一个（件）则用a “u”a second time (再/ 又一次 ) a third ch
6、ance （又一次机会）a useful book a university a one-eyed cat 2名词 : the Green family=the Greens （注意谓语动词）class the elderly/young/old/rich/poor/police/audience e.g. His family are having supper in the dining room now. The Green family has moved to Paris. two months/years 20 dollars （表示、数学运算、重量、金钱、距离、时间、数目等复数名
7、 10 meters 词或短语做主语看作一整体，注意谓语动词用单数）e.g. Two Months has passed since he came here. the number of a number of （使用谓语动词的区别）几分之几的百分之几的most of （谓语动词取决于它们后面所跟的主体名词或代词）e.g. 1)Three fifths of the money is mine. 2)89% of the students are from cities. 3)About two thirds of the earth is covered with water. 4)A l
8、ot of work has been done by her since yesterday. 5)Many a boy enjoys playing football in our playground. 6)More than one person has been to Beijing. 主语为单数，且后面跟有with, together with, along with, besides, except, like等，谓语动词用单数e.g. The manager, along with his secretary, is going to the meeting room. The
9、 worker and writer and所连接的指的是同一个人或事物谓语动词用单数The worker and the writer and连接的两个单数名词谓语动词用复数名词所有格： Jims two months (two -month) holiday someone else s who else s Tom and Jacks room each others others Tom s and Jack s rooms Its 15 minutes walk. Spend a two-week holiday Its a 15-minute walk. Spend two wee
10、ks holiday Its 15 minutes on foot. i n a few years (days months weeks) time3代词： 注意人称代词的主、宾格、形、名词性物主代词以及不定代词。a) one the other(two three) some othersanother b) some little few a bit 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载any a little a few a little bit a bit of +n. something,
11、 nothing anything (可用于肯定句，作“任何东西/ 人”讲 ) somebody, nobody, anybody e.g. 1) Theres nothing serious with you. 2) I have nothing else new to tell you. both neither either all none each ( 注：形容词修饰不定代词位置后置，else 修饰疑问代、副词，不定代词位置后置) c) on both sides of the street/river on either side of on each side of on eve
12、ry side /all sides of the lake/playground/island/classroom on the other side of not only but alsod) neithernor either or （谓语动词用就近的原则）there be bothand（连接主语时谓语动词用复数）4数词：a)数词的读法 1, 000, 000, 000 billion million thousand 一万 ten thousand 一亿 one hundred million 10亿 1 billion b)数词的表达法概数 hundreds of thousan
13、ds of millions of many thousands of 确数 three million several hundred(s) of two thousand of the workers c) 分数的表达法：分子用基数，分母用序数，分子大于1，分母的序数词加s，分数后跟名词，谓语动词依据名词形式而定。 d)two and a half days=two days and a half one or two hours expect tp dp sth. 5 动词expect sb to do sth. a)同义词辨析 take look for hear hope bring
14、 find listen wish （肯、否） must see search sb. rise vi. talk have to look search for sb. raise vt. say arrive in/at steal sth. from search+place+for sb./sth. speak reach rob sb. of sth. search the Internet tell get to grab sth. search the information on the Internet used to do be made of /from return s
15、ometimes be used to doing be made in lend some times 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载be used to do be made by borrow sometime be used for doing be made up of keep some time be used by be used in ( )1. What did the teacher _you to_ at the meeting ? A. tell, say B. ask
16、, speak C. tell, speak D. ask, talk( )2. Do you know who theyre _ about the accident at the school gate? A. talking B. saying C. telling D. speaking 3. What do you call this bird in English? b)动词短语put on 动副结构：put upturn on/off try on keep off put away throw about turn up/down keep away from put off
17、litter about give up look up (in the dictionary) put down ring up give out look down on/upon put out the fire go over pick up give away look over think over wake up take in work out take off take away take out of 动介结构 ：get on (off), look for, work on, fall off, complain about, talk about,think about
18、 c) 感官、使役动词 see make hear sb do (doing sth) let sb do sth wacth have 改为被动语态要加“ to ”notice help 注意被动语态 made seen sb. be let to do sb. be heard to do had watched helped noticed seen sb. be heard doing watched noticed e.g. The workers make machines to help farmers. d)情态动词： 注意 may, must, should, ought t
19、o, must的否定答语，注意语境，表猜测用情态动词may, must, may be, must becant be精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载 need 作行为动词用 need to do (否定句、疑问句中要用助动词) need doing=need to be done Must I/we ? 否定回答 No, you neednt/don y hsve to. Sb. needn t do 区别 can be able to e)非延续性动词延续性动词borrow-keep buy-
20、have open-be open die-be dead come(go)-be in leave-be away(from) begin-be on join-be in (a member) begin(start) to do-do get up-be up make friends-be friends come back-be back fall asleep-be asleep catch a cold-have a cold get to know-know get(receive) a letter from-have a letter from become interes
21、ted in-be interested in wake- be awake get married to-be married to 6介词a)注意 in on at with的用法 （注意时间、地点）b)比较 between in over(under) among after above(below) walk past/by through (desert, forest, door, tunnel,window) without past across (bridge, street, road, river) with beyond The plane flew across th
22、e rainforest. c) 含有一些介词的短语connectto /with join tocontact on a visit to a key to an entrance to the way to a trip to a witness to come up with catch up with play against(with) by bike=on a bike in red in the tree on the tree in the end at the end of by the end of towards to the reason for the cause o
23、f 7反意问句a)注意陈述句中有hardly, never, few, little,seldom, nothing, none, neither, nobody,no 等词 , 反意问句用肯定的形式。b)注意主语后面的 s（ is, has）c)I/We believe，I/We think，I/We suppose后面跟宾语从句，如是否定句，否定前移。反意问句，看宾语从句。d)unusual, unhappy, impossible, dislike, unfair等前缀的反义词，反意问句仍用否定形式。注：前否后肯反意问句的回答 Lets , shall we? 其余用 will you?
24、 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载- Didnt he come to school yesterday? -_, though he didnt feel well.- It s nothing serious, _, doctor? - _, you d better stay in hospital and you need an operation at once.8同义词辨析so lonely before long when pleased either such alone long
25、 before while pleasant too pleasure also as well 注意区别close high wide hard closely highly widely hardly 9. 特殊疑问词a)对人口、电话号码，到哪一年，用特殊疑问词what(what place visit) 对人的职业用 What be sb. (What is he?) 对人的相貌用 what look like (What does he look like?) 对人的品质用 what look like (What does he look like?) 或 what be like
26、(What is he like?) b)how soon(often, far away, long) 10情景对话看清上下文，注意说话的环境、对象。11非谓语动词a)动名词feel like doing finish doing enjoy doing mind doing practice doing miss doing suggesting doing imagine sb doing sth devote to doing sth look forward to doing pay attention to doing be used to doing cant stop/stop
27、 doing be well worth doing be busy doing stop sb from doing keep sb from doing prevent sb from doing (sb sth 带有被动的意味；用 stop /prevent sb being done)keep on doing carry on doing go on doing be used for doing thank sb for doing have fun have no time to do sth problems doing 没时间做某事difficulty 精选学习资料 - -
28、- - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载trouble a good time need doing=need to be done require doing give up doing=drop doing spend(in) doing succeed in doing prefer doing to doing 注意区别： stop, forget, go on, remember, see(hear, watch),doing sth和 to do sth 分词作定语，伴随状语b)动词的不定式decide to do
29、, fail to do, would like to do, want to do try to do, afford to do, offer to do, used to do, begin(start)to do, need to do sth, plan to do, prefer to do, cant wait to do, make up ones mind to do,allow sb to do, encourage sb to do, expect sb to do sth, remind sb to do sth (remind sb of sth) ask(tell)
30、 sb to do, a pen to write with, the ice to skate on, the space to stand in, a place to go to, which cities to travel to if Im able to/ if Im told to I m glad to. I d love to (to不能省 ) 注意下列句子：1. We should do what we can to protect the environment. 2. He spent as much time as he can practising speaking
31、 English. 3. Which activity do you enjoy to spend your holiday? 4. What do you want me to pay attention to to learn English well? 5. Which activity has he devoted most of his time to to enjoy himself? 6. What way do you think of to prevent pollution?c) 过去分词a book written by Luxun a little time left
32、a borrowed book see many dinosaurs discovered by you the book borrowed from the library find road covered with snow a film directed by sb have sth done 12形容词、副词a)asasnot so(as)as=less thanb)形容词、副词比较级可以用even, much, a little, far等来修饰 . c) 两者之间比较用比较级，三者三者以上用最高级。Tom is the taller of the two boys. d)比较级的
33、叠用 fatter and fatter more and more beautiful 13掌握以下句型(1)find(think, feel, make)+it +形容词 +to do sth (2) Its time for sthIt s time to do sth It s time for sb to do sth(3) It is +形+ to do sth 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载 It is +形 for sb +to do sth It is +形+of sb to
34、do sth（表示一个人品格属性的用介词of ）(4)It takes sb some time to do sth (5)Its one s turn to do sth (6)Its (has been) +一段时间+since的从句 =一段时间 +has passed +since的从句(7) There is (are)+名词 +介短 There was (were)+名词 +介短 There is (are) going to be +名词 +介短 There have(has) been +名词 +介短 There seem(s) to be There must/may be T
35、here used to be (8) 计量的表达结构：主语+be+数 +量+形容词(9) 祈使句 +and(then)+简单句（着重鼓励）祈使句 +or+ 简单句（着重警告）(10)until notuntil unless (11)so (such)that (enoughto/too to)(12) why not do what (how) about doing Shall I (we) do sth (13)the+ 比较级 , the+比较级(14)so +倒装 neither/nor+倒装 so+主语 +谓语(15) Will you please do (not do)?Wo
36、uld you please do (not do)?(16)How do you like(last night)?=What do you think of?What do you like about?(17)Would like to do sth (18) He is the first person to walk in space. (19) 疑问词 +不定式 What to do with=how to deal with What to do=How to do it (20) sth cost sb sb pay for sth sb buy sth for money/a
37、t the price ofsb spends on sth (21)find/make/keep+宾语 +宾语补足语（形容词/ 分词 / 动词不定式）(22)prefer sth to sth Prefer doing to doing prefer to do sth rather than do would rather do sth than do sth (23)have sth. done =get sth. done 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载have sb. do sth.
38、get sb. to do sth. have sth. to do (有事要做 ) (24)sound(taste, smell, feel, look)等感观动词 , get/become/turn后面跟形容词做表语 stay happy/healthy/alive, keep fit, go wrong/missing/bad (25) 数词 +more+复数名词 =another+ 数词 +复数名词(26)Its said/ known/ reported +that+从句It seems +that+从句(27)Taking more (enough )exercise is imp
39、ortant. (28) 倒装句 so, neither放句首。 If your son doesnt go, neither/nor will hers. They like beef, so they do and so do we. Here comes the bus! Here it is! Among the hills is a big garden. (29)be likely to do It s highly possible(30)one of the +adj.最高级 +n.(pl.) (31)This is the +adj.最高级 +n.+ 定语从句I have e
40、ver read/seen/heard(32)the first longest river,the second most useful invention 十四直接引语和间接引语（见书本）He told me that he had met Lily two days before. I asked Kate if she would go there the next week. 二、词型变化看清题目，根据所给单词确定它可能出现的几种词性和词形，从语法的角度，句子的结构来考虑一词的正确用法 , 判断该词在句子中作何种成分，需要何种词性。1注意名词单、复数形式和所有格形式。mouse-mi
41、ce true-truth confident-confidence enter-entrance tomatoespotatoesheroesmangoes importantimportance different-difference disabled ability endangered decide-decision discuss-discussion describe-description Chinese Japanese sheep deer Englishmen Frenchmen firemen Germans humans walkmans foot-feet toot
42、h-teeth boot-boots loaf-loaves leaf-leaves knife-knives half-halves wise-wisdom free-freedom greatgreatness fitfitness kindness grow-growth warm-warmth strong -strength long-length weigh-weight invite-invitation present-presentation perform performance-performer 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - -
43、 - - - -第 9 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载introduce-introduction instruction stomachs arrive-arrival inventor operator visitor conductor survive-survivor feeling(s) building(s) greeting(s) meaning(s) warning(s) twin sisters apple trees sister cities able-ability（能力）movemovablemovement treat treatment achieve achi
44、evement agree-agreement activeactivity die dying death dead medicine-medical natural disaster nature reserve sun-sunny fog foggy rainrainy stormstormy sportsporty pride-proud mix-mixture-mixed 注：表示人的名词来修饰名词用其复数的所有格的形式。men s shoes babies clothes women s skirts Germans the girls 400 metres=the girls 4
45、00-meter race ask two days sick leave Jims two-month holiday=Jims two monthsholiday have a sports meeting shoes e.g. His drawing is better than any of his classmates .2. 形容词、副词要注意它们的区别以及原级比较级和最高级的使用。a) asasnot so(as)as less than（用原级）b)形容词、副词的转换 politely widely safely true-truly （去 e 加 ly ）simple pos
46、sible terrible comfortable gentle（去 e 加 y）c) 短语less developed countries feel (less) lonely the most/least expensive d)例句Kate is a careful girl. She does her lesson carefully every day. John is the cleverer of the two boys. The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai. In which country is t
47、he weather most like Chinas?Shanghai is larger than any other city in China. any city in Jiangsu Kate is taller than any other boy in her class. e)特殊形容词、副词的比较级和最高级ill many bad worse worst much more most badly little-less-least far father farthest further furthest 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - -
48、- - - - -第 10 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载 a most beautiful city 3 数词则应考虑基数词、序数词，倍数和分数各种形式。 one-first two-second three-third four-fourth fourteenth forty-fortieth nine-ninth nineteenth ninety-ninetieth twelve-twelfth twenty-twentieth hundreds of , many thousands of, several thousand years, two thirds of, most o
49、f, on the second half , in the thirtieth minute, in the twenty-first century, in the 2020s（二十一世纪二十年代）, on the fifteenth floor. a) 序数词（第几课、几页、在哪一世纪，在第几层，第几个生日） b) 倍数 twice, three times, once twice as big as c) 分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母序数词加 s。 4 代词要注意主格、宾格、名、形物主代词，反身代词 a)teach sb a subject tell sb a st
50、ory(代词一定用宾格) tell the truth tell sb. a joke tell sb. a funny story b)say to oneself learnby oneself teachoneself come to oneself help oneself to devote oneself to lose oneself in leaveby oneselfenjoy oneself dress oneself hurt oneself improve oneself a friend of mine my mothers This is a picture of
51、me when I was young. 5 动词要根据时态、语态人称和数的变化以及各种非谓语动词形式 a)This kind of book sells(play wash write ) well. feel soft/hard b) the boy has been told(tell) not to play with fire. c) most of及two thirds of主语时动词应取决于of 后面的名词，the number of the population ofthe price of这三个短语后面谓语动词均用单数。this kind of this piece ofth
52、is pair of后面的谓语动词也用单数。而 a crowd of a group of a number of 后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数。注： Three months is quite a long time. Two years has passed since he came to China. 1/4 of the population are workers. d)注意中心词作主语：如 the teacher with the students, the windows of our classroom, everyone except the students among
53、them e)ask(tell want get ) sb to do sth 以及 give(pass /show /send /lend /teach sb sth), sb 作主语时，则这个句子一定用被动态) warn sb(not) to do sth f) 其它短语promise sb success provide sb with sth 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载provide sth for sb present sb with sth a shopping list (b
54、asket) a developing country a developed country the following week, the book sold on the train, the coming trip, the dinosaur discovered by you the worker called (named) Tom 区别 the worker calling Tom the flight number leaving Beijing. Please read the book written by LuXun. A lot of good land has gon
55、e, leaving only land. 6反义词：with-without, luck-luckily(unluckily), usual-unusual, ever-never, like unlike(dislike), careful-careless, coverdiscover, appear-disappear, able-unable 7. 注意下列句子1) I ll do what I can to help the needy children. 2) What way can you think of to improve our lives? 3) What do y
56、ou think is the best way of protecting(to protect) the wild animals? 4) This should be dealt with peacefully. 5) Children should be treated with kindness. Children should be treated kindly. 6) -What did you come here for? -To make a living. 7)-What are you reading? -The novel written by Lunxun. 8)-H
57、ow soon will you come? -Not until 7 o clock.9)He devoted his free time he had to helping others. 10)It is impossible for such little children to finish so much work in such a short time. 11)He hasn t decided when to leave and who will go with him.(who to go with him错误 ) 12)I met Tom two days ago .We
58、 hadnt seen each other for ten years. 13)Look !Under the tree stand two children. (Here comes the bus) 14)Look! The rain has stopped. Lets go out for a walk. 15)The girl lay in bed and felt terrible.(The girl lying in bed felt terrible.) ( The girl lay in bed, feeling terrible.) 16)What do you think
59、 runs fastest in your class? What do you think has happened to him? When do you think theyll leave for Shanghai? What do you think makes it easier for us to use computers? 17)What city will you fly to to attend a meeting? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载What city wi
60、ll you leave for to attend a meeting? 18)How do you like the TV series last night? What do you think of yesterdays TV series? 19)Look at this photo of Lily. She is swimming. I didn t know she could swim. 20) There seem to be a number of people wanting to buy cars now. 21)The life we were used to has
61、 changed a lot in the last twenty years. 22)How happy the old man looked after his son was saved! 23)It is a most beautiful city and Ill visit it a second time. 24)You have never been to Japan, have you ? No, I wish to go there one day. (Yes, I wish to go there again) 三、完型填空1纵览全文，通读1-2 遍，注意主要的句子和关键性
62、的词。2从语义、语法、时态、语态、词的的搭配等方面来考虑，主谓一致，前后照应，对一些难定的答案要采取排除法，切忌看一行做一空。3代入答案，反复验证。四、阅读理解1明确阅读任务，确定阅读策略。阅读任务可分为两类，一种是综合理解型，另一种是查找细节型。 阅读方法有略读、精渎、对比式阅读等。 阅读前要根据阅读任务确定阅读方式。保证阅读效果快速有效。2带着问题阅读，把握主旨结构。在阅读中要注意把握短文的中心句，注意通过查找关联词、指示代词及过渡句米分析文章的结构，要善于归纳同类事物或类似现象。3注重关键细节，结合常识推理。对于任务型阅读中出现的回答问题、中英句子翻译题等， 要先通过阅读比较透彻地理解文
63、章内容，再做题。翻译句子时要忠实于原文，选用正确的句式， 注意捕捉原文的人称、时态及语态等方面信息，切忌望文生义。在把英文翻译成中文的过程中，确保译文准确、贴切。有些题日要根据常识加以判断。4仔细核对答案，速度效率并举。做完题目后，应把短文连同答案仔细读一遍，并利用试题与短文或试题间的的相互暗示进行复查，确保答案的止确性。表述必须清楚、明了。书写还要规范、整洁。五、缺词填空解题技巧1通读全文，了解大意。2结合常识，关注细节，寻找提示。根据上下文分析短文中所缺成分，判断所缺单词的词类，运用常用表达句式及首字母提示，寻找答案。并注意词的变化形式，试填答案。3重读短文，验证答案。单词填好后，应将单词
64、带入短文的空格处去验证，确保短文意思通顺，语法正确。六、书面表达写作技巧书面表达写作四步骤： 1 细心审题，明确写作主题，确定文体形式。2归纳要点，构思写作提纲，确定人称时态。 3 认真起草，灵活变换句式，确保初稿完整。4反复检查，避免低级错误，书写工整无误。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 14 页学习必备欢迎下载尽量避免以下失误：1审题不准，文体不对。2逻辑不清，层次不明。3句式杂乱，时态不当。 4低级错误太多，书写马虎。常出现人称和数的搭配、字母大小写、标点符号、单词拼写、习惯用语、常用句式及文体格式等低级错误。通
65、过细心检杳，即可得以矫正。先打草稿，反复多推敲注意点：(1) 内容要点全面（看清要求，日期，语言等）。(2) 词汇和句型结构要准确。(3) 上下文要连贯，语言要得体。(4) 时态、语态，人称和数要一致以及人称代词的宾格形式。(5) 注意标点符号、大小写。(6) 尽量使用学到的结构、短语，注意上下文连贯、标点符号、大小写。(7) 书写要工整(8) 尽量使用so, but, then, instead , because, sothat 等连接词。请同学们要看每单元的语法、main task和 speak up 中对话、 reading ! 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 14 页
