宁波理工英语平台阅读答案

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety,but stress seems to affectthe immune defenses of lower animals too.In one experiment,for example,behavioralimmunologist（免疫学家）Mark Laudenslager,at the University of Denver,gave mildelectric shocks to 24 rats.Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheelin their enclosure,while the other half could not.The rats in the two groups were paired sothat each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner fromthe shock.Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal inthe helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity.What he hasdemonstrated,he believes,is that lack of control over an event,not the experience itself,is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree.Jay Weiss,a psychologistat Duke University School of Medicine,has shown that animals who are allowed to controlunpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typicalof stressed rats.But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no controlover,they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.Suchfindings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception ofhelplessness is one of the most-harmful factors in depression.One of the most startlingexamples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance.In1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicineconditioned mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetenerand injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems causedstomach upsets.Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains,the mice quicklylearned to avoid the sweetener.In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener,Aderre-exposed the animals to saccharin,this time without the drug,and was astonished tofind that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during theirearlier conditioning died.He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditionedthe rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to killthem.LLaudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who couldturn off the e l e c t r i c i t y.A.was weakenedB.was not affectedC.was strengthenedD.was altered提交的答案:was not affected正确答案:was not affected题目详解:要点:根据第一段文章的倒数第2句 but not in those that could turn off theelectricity无助的耗子免疫力会下降之正常水平以下，而可以关掉电源的耗子则不会”判断出，选项中的“was not affected”符合题意。2.According to the passage,the experience of helplessness causes rats toA.become abnormally suspiciousB.behave passively in controllable situationsC.try to control unpleasant stimuliD.turn off the electricity提交的答案:behave passively in controllable situations正确答案:behave passively in controllable situations题目详解:要点：依据第2段文章的第2句 they later behave passively when faced withexperiences they can control以后即使遇到能够控制的环境，他们的行为也是消极的”判断出，选项中的“behave passively in controllable situations”切题。3.The reason why the mice in Ader*s experiment avoided saccharin was t hat.A.it led to stomach painsB.they associated it with stomachachesC.they disliked its tasteD.it affected their immune systems提交的答案:they associated it with stomachaches正确答案:they associated it with stomachaches题目详解:要点：依据第三段第3句Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains 因为把糖精和腹痛联系在起”判断出，选项中的“they associated it with stomachaches”符合题*，国。4.The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader*sexperiment was thatA.their immune systems had been altered by the mindB.they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinC.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioningD.the sweetener was poisonous to them提交的答案:their immune systems had been altered by the mind正确答案:their immune systems had been altered by the mind题目详解:要点：依据第三段第一句One of the most startling examples of how the mind canalter the immune response情绪可以改变免疫力是一个令人感到最吃惊的例子”判断出，选项中的“their immune systems had been altered by the mind”切题。5.lt can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animalsA.can be altered by electric shocksB.can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinC.can be suppressed by drug injectionsD.can be weakened by conditioning提交的答案:can be weakened by conditioning正确答案:can be weakened by conditioning题目详解:要点：根据文章的最后句so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharinalone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to Mil them 非常成功地使耗子接受条件作用的影响，糖精就可以削弱免疫力从而导致耗子死亡”判断出，选项中的“can beweakened by cond让 ioning”符合题意。Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universalbut that the gestures we use are understood by everyone.We do not realize that wavinggood-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side,or that in Italyand some Latin-American countries,curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after Wor