农 业 生 态 学Agroecology,农学院植物工程技术系,陈 雨 海,绪 论,第一章,,“The supreme reality of our time is .the vulnerability of our planet “,- John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) Thirty-fifth U.S. President Speech 28, June 1963,,“The Earth has an abundance of everything, but our share in it is only what we really need.“ --,- Satish Kumar Editor of Resurgence Magazine Leading figure in the spiritual and environmental fields in Britain,一、农业生态学的产生和发展 二、农业生态学的性质和任务 三、生态农业的概念,生态学 侯学煜:研究生物与其周围环境(包括非生物环境与生物环境)相互关系的科学c,地球约存在46亿年,35亿年前出现生物(菌藻类),恐龙2.3亿年前出现,六千五百万年前消失;人类已存在大约400万年。
Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to the surrounds in which they live. These surrounds are called the environment of organism. This environment is made up of many different components,include other living organisms and their effects,and purely physical features such as the climate and soil type. Ecologist, those who study ecology ,are always aiming to understand how an organism fits into its environment. Ecology principles and applications-----------------------J.L.Chapman and M.J.Reiss,Cambridge University Press,1999,Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Humans have been students of ecology as long as we have existed as a species. Our survival has dependent upon how well we could observe variations in the environment and predict the responses of organism to the variations. Ecology: Concepts and Applications----------------------- Manuel C.Molles,Jr. McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. 2000Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‘environment’ is a combination of the physical environment and any influences on an organism exerted by other organism-the biotic environments. Instant Notes in Ecology----A.Mackenzie, A.S.Ball and S.R.Virdee,BIO Scientific Publishers Limited,1998,生态学主要研究的问题(4W) 生物的分布格局与规律:在哪里(Where) 生物的时空量度:有多少(When and how many) 决定生物分布与量度的内在与外在原因:为什么(Why) 发展生产力、稳定与改善环境的原则与途径:(What can be done),一、农业生态学的产生和发展,(一)生态学的产生和发展是农业生态学产生的基础 1. 生态学诞生前的知识积累阶段(18世纪以前)国外:公元前370-285年,古希腊,提奥弗拉斯特,生物与环境的关系。
公元23-79年,罗马,伯里尼,陆栖、水生、飞翔国内:公元前372-289年,《孟子》数罟(bu)不入洿(kua)池,鱼鳖不可胜食秦汉时期:二十四节气后魏时期:齐民要术2. 生态学的创始阶段(18-19世纪),1749:法国,布丰Buffon , 生命律1803:英国,马尔萨斯Malthus, 人口论1807:德国,洪堡德Humboblt, 植物地理学1859:英国,达尔文C.Darwin, 物种起源1866:德国,Ernst.Haeckel, 生态学,Oikologie(生态学) = Oikos(住所)+Logos(科学),3. 学科与学派的分化(19世纪末-1935),学科的分化:生态学发展的第一高峰植物生态学、动物生态学、人类生态学等1900年,被公认为生物学的独立领域学派的产生:生态学发展的第二高峰英美学派:动态研究法瑞学派:静态研究北欧学派:植物地理学苏联学派:生物地理群落,4. 生态系统生态学的发展阶段(1935—1960),1935,英国,A.G.Tansley,生态系统,1939,提出生态平衡概念1941,美国,林德曼,食物链,1942,“十分之一法则”。
1952,美国,E.P.Odum,《生态学基础》,5.社会需求推动生态学向定量、控制和应用方向发展,60-70年代,系统论、控制论和信息论的应用和浸透导致各种生态学产生五大危机:污染、资源、能源、食物和人口 70年代后,生态立法和生态建设1964,国际生物学研究计划(IBP)1971,人与生物圈长期研究计划(MBA)1972,斯德哥尔摩,第一次人类环境会议 70年代后,中国重视生态问题一、人口增长;二、粮食供应;三、水土流失现在的环境污染、臭氧层的破坏、某些资源的枯竭大约从18世纪蒸汽机的发明,即工业革命以来,人类的发展冲击大自然的结果地球的年龄46亿年,人类在地球上诞生大约400万年,工业革命才200年,如果将46亿年浓缩为100年,就是说地球的年龄是100岁的话,人类在地球上才1个月,而工业革命才3分钟!仅仅是这3分钟,人类就把地球糟蹋成这个样子,可见人的本事多么大?!如果人类再不从发展战略上检讨自己的行为,寻找新的战略,那么未来人与自然怎样共存二)农业生态学的诞生和发展,1929,意大利,G.Azzi,开设农业生态学课程 1956,意大利,G.Azzi,出版农业生态学 1979,美国,G.W.Cox,出版农业生态学。
The science of agroecology, which is defined as the application of ecological concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems, provides a framework to assess the complexity of agroecosystems (Altieri 1995). The idea of agroecology is to go beyond the use of alternative practices and to develop agroecosystems with the minimal dependence on high agrochemical and energy inputs, emphasizing complex agricultural systems in which ecological interactions and synergisms between biological components provide the mechanisms for the systems to sponsor their own soil fertility, productivity and crop protection (Altieri and Rosset 1995).,AgroecologyThe application of ecological science to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. A holistic approach to agriculture and agricultural development based on traditional, alternative, and local small-scale agriculture. Linking ecology, socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming communities, and environmental health.,二、农业生态学的性质和任务,农业生态学的定义:是运用生态学基本原理和系统分析方法,研究农业生物与农业环境之间的相互作用规律和机理,以获得最高生物产量和最佳经济效益,又能在一定程度上维持农业再生资源持续利用的一门生态与经济相结合的综合性学科。
一)内容,农业生态系统的组分与结构 农业生态系统的功能 农业生态系统调节与控制的规律和方法 不同社会和自然条件下,农业生产的区域性分布、发展变化规律二)性质,应用性 综合性 整体性 战略性,(三)任务,有效地发挥自然资源和社会资源的生产力,不断提高农业生产水平不断改善人类的食物供应状况,保护人类生存的环境条件三、生态农业的概念,生态农业 :Ecological agriculture 1. 1970年,美国土壤学家W.Albreche提出 2. 1981年,英国农学家M.Worthington定义:生态上能自我维持,低输入,经济上有生命力,在环境、伦理和审美方面可接受的小型农业 3.许多替代农业(alternative agriculture)模式都源于生态农业思想旨在克服石油农业或工业化农业的危机中国的生态农业: 运用生态学原理和系统科学方法,把现代科学成果与传统农业的精华结合而建立起来的具有生态合理性、功能良性循环的一种农业体系Agroecology is . The science of applying ecological concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems.,The General Agroecology program responds to the increasing social demand for food production systems that are secure, productive, and sustainable and recognizes the simultaneous need to protect natural environments and the biodiversity that depends on agroecosystems.,。