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1、Writing,Part I Types of Essay,1. Description 2. Narration 3. Exposition 4. Argumentation,Differences among Essay Modes,1. Descriptive to make a picture vivid to the reader (impressive & attractive, but not ordinary),2. Narrative to recount, or tell the reader what happened (facts-telling),3. Exposit
2、ive (analytical) to make the reader understand by defining, dividing, illustrating, comparing & contrasting, showing causes & effects, following a process, analyzing and so on (cause-searching),4. Argumentative to win the readers agreement by defending a position (idea-convincing, or thought provoki
3、ng,Notes:Most of college essays probably incorporate two or more of the modes-moving from, say, analysis to narration and back again as you seek to influence your readers in different ways. 2. But since analysis and argument (to a lesser extent) are the two modes that dominate college writing, we wi
4、ll concentrate on the devising of essay that call for a strong central idea backed by evidence. But we cannot ignore the rest of the modes.,Part II Process of Writing,Collecting information as much as possibleSorting out informationDrafting-Thesis, outline, writingRevising or editingFinalizing the c
5、opy,Part III Writing Skills,Words and SentencesVocabulary：The match of the words:,一、词语搭配,1. 主谓搭配 Now peoples life cant leave TV.() Now people cant leave TV in their life. ()I feel college studies are quite busy. () I feel I am quite busy with college studies. ()Although his historic knowledge is ver
6、y rich, his exam was not pass. () Although his historic knowledge is rich, he did not pass the exam. ()There happened many traffic accidents on the narrow street in the past year. () Many traffic accidents happened on the narrow street in the past year. ()But it may occur some new problems. ()But so
7、me new problems may occur. (),2修饰搭配personal hygiene (个人卫生), public health (公共卫生), environmental sanitation (环境卫生) natural environment(自然环境), social circumstance (社会环境) government revenue (政府税收), income tax (个人所得税), tariff rates (关税) thick soup (浓汤), strong tea (浓茶), strong coffee (浓咖啡), thick hair (
8、浓密的头发) lump-sum payment (一次性付款), disposable slippers (一次性拖鞋),3. 动宾搭配pursue knowledge (学习知识), learn to speak English(学习说英语), follow the example (学习榜样) make a phone (打电话), knit a sweater (打毛衣), type the document (打文件), inject (打针) regain/restore ones health (恢复健康), resume talk (回复谈话), return to normal
9、 (恢复正常), regain composure (恢复冷静) improve the art of leadership (提高领导水平), raise the intellectual level (提高智力水平), improve English (提高英语水平),The change of the Words,1. 同义词 Retirement often brings people many problems such as “What shall I do today” question, though they may not have economical cares. It
10、 has been observed that withdrawal from work, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles.,2. 近义词It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. This trend is not restricted to
11、 rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time. This essay will analyze the pros and cons of taking a year off at the turning point of secondary to undergraduate education.,英语写作中使用频率较高
12、的词语搭配,1经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy 2人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of peoples living standard 3先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology 4面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that 6社会发展的必然结果 the i
13、nevitable result of social development 7引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8不可否认 It is undeniable that/ There is no denying that 9热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11完全不同的观点 a totally different argument 12一些人 而另外一些人 Some people while ot
14、hers 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14就达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on 15有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16双方的论点 argument on both sides 17发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in 18对必不可少 be indispensable to 19正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20也不例外 be no ex
15、ception 21对产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on 22利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 25责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competiti
16、on and cooperation,Writing Skills : Sentences,一、正确句子的标准 1. 语法正确 2. 措辞合理 3. 标点无误,二、常见的句子错误1. 不对称并列结构句 2. 不一致错误句 句子在时态、语态、人称、修饰方面进行转化时也有可能产生错误: 1) 是太不一致 He was so thirsty that he drinks three glasses of water. 主句为过去时，从句却为一般现在时，让人不明就里。可改为：He was so thirsty that he drank three glasses of water. 2) 语态不一致。 After we made sure all the essential steps, the project was started. 这种类型的句子前一个分句为主动语态，后一个分句为被动语态，易让读者发生混淆，影响理解。前后分句主语不一致是考生在英语写作中常犯的错误之一，写作时应特别注意。上句可以改为：After we made sure all the essential steps, we started the project.,
