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1、The First World WarAdapted from McIntyre at http:/ U.S. government WWI postersThe First World War:War involving nearly all the nations of the world1914-1918What? When? 2The First World War:Why? Long term causes: 1. Militarism 2. Alliance system3. Imperialism4. Nationalism(Memory tip: Think MAIN.)Sho
2、rt term cause: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro- Hungarian EmpireFranz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914. The assassination was the spark that ignited the war.3The First World War:Who? Germany Austria-Hu
3、ngary Ottoman Empire BulgariaRussia France Great Britain Italy Japan United States (1917)Central Powers:Allies:Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph: The three emperors of the Central Powers in World War I 4The First World War:Where? Map of Europe during WWI: Originally, Italy joined the Triple
4、Alliance but after the war broke out, it switched sides and went to fight with the Triple Entente. Turkey later joined the Triple Alliance. 5Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war? America was isolationist.“Why should I get involved in someone elses problems?” The Monroe Doct
5、rine (1823) sought to isolate “the American continents” from European influences and problems.In this cartoon, “The Great Wall” (1914), the Monroe Doctrine is shown as a protective shield for the United States.6Thinking Slide: Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United
6、States? What are the disadvantages of isolationism? What are the advantages?7Which side should the U.S. pick? 11 million German- Americans Irish-Americans hated Great Britain Close cultural ties to other allies American, England, and Frances economies were increasingly interdependent.Central Powers:
7、Allies:US Exports to both sides:8What did it take to get the U.S. involved?1. Blockades Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America.HMS Renown seen from another British warship (circa 1917)9What did it take to get the U.S. involved?1. Blockades May, 1915: Germany told Americans to
8、stay off British ships, and they could and would sink them. Germany torpedoed the Lusitania, sinking it with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans). It was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition.The New York Times reports on the Lusitanias sinking.10What did it take to
9、get the U.S. involved?1. Blockades The US sharply criticized Germany for its action. Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future.Note in bottle after Lusitania disaster11What did it take to get the U.S. involved?2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare In 1917, Germany announced “
10、unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone. Otherwise, Germanys blockade would not be successful.A British ship torpedoed by a German U-boat12What did it take to get the U.S. involved?3. Zimmerman Note The U.S. intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico. It promised to give Texas, New Mexico, and A
11、rizona back to Mexico in return for an alliance and attacking the United States.The decoded Zimmerman Telegram13What did it take to get the U.S. involved? The Zimmerman Note and the sinking of four unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war.New York Journal (4/7/1917) announcing the declarat
12、ion of war the previous day14How was the war looking for the allies? Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917. Russias withdrawal allowed Germany to fight a one- front war with all its troops concentrated on France (remember this point when you study WWII!).Not Good. Calling for a
13、Communist revolution, anti- Tsarist protesters gather outside the Winter Palace in Petrograd, Russia, February 1917.15Convincing the American PeoplePosters How do you think these posters helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?16Convincing the American People1. Wilson had
14、 to convince American that this would be the “War to End All Wars.” 2. He had to convince American that beating the Germans and its allies would make the world safe for democracy.Idealism: 2 Goals For War On Christmas Eve 1914, German and English soldiers stopped fighting to celebrate Christmas. It
15、started when German troops decorated their trenches and began singing Christmas Carols, particularly “Stille Nacth.” British troops opposite them began singing English Christmas Carols. The singing soon turned to shouts of Christmas cheer across the lines, eventually causing the troops to cross the No Mans Land between the trenches. The two sides began to exchange small gifts between each other. 17Convincin
