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1、1英语：独立主格结构解析与练习 一、概念： “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介 词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构” 。 二、功能： 虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中通常起状语作用， 如原因状语、条件状语、时间状语等。 三、形式：名词/代词+分词/动词不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away（代词ing; 表原因） 2、Miss Wang come into the classro
2、om, books in hand.（名词介词短语；表伴随） 3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.（名词ed; 表状态） 4、Class over, we began to play basketball.（名词副词；表时间） 5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.（介词结构；表伴随） 6、Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功
3、的。 （名词不定式；表时间） 五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同： 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己 的主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例： If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend. When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more bea
4、utiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。 2、有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词” 。例： When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰 坏花根。 （悬垂分词） 六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同： 1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有： generally sp
5、eaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing 等。例： Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有： to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be fran
6、k; to make the matter worse 等等。例： To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在
7、书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。 （seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语 he，注意是“主格” ） The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.（lost 的逻辑主语是 the key，lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost） A 不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+不定式”结构中，不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。不定式 用主动的形式 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（
8、= As his mother is to come tonight, he is 2busy preparing the dinner.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 B-ing 形式“独立主格结构” 1-ing 形式的“独立主格结构”表示时间 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.（=When everyone was ready) The
9、 chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.（=after everyone was seated） 2-ing 形式的“独立主格结构”表示原因 Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。 It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being n
10、o further business to discuss, we all went home. 3-ing 形式的“独立主格结构”表示条件 Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.（=If time permits) My health allowing, I will work far into the night.（=If my health allows） 4-ing 形式的“独立主格结构”表示方式 The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.（=and his e
11、yes were looking at the sky） C-ed 形式“独立主格结构” The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. The task completed,he
12、had two months leave.（=When the task had been completed,he had two months leave.） 比较： 不定式表示动作还没有发生或即将发生， -ed 形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing 形式往往表示动作 正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。 （事 情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式 to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许
13、多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。 （事情 已经处理好了，用动词-ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, he was watching TV. 一边做饭，一边看电视。 （两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, he went to bed. 饭做好了，他去睡了。 （两个动作有先后，饭已做好，才去睡觉 的 二、 with、without 引导的独立主格结构 介词 with/without +宾语+宾语补足语可以构成独立主格结构。 A with+名词/代词+形容词 He doesnt like to sleep with
14、the windows open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing 形式或-ed 形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很难过。 B with+名词/代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. The boy was walking, with his
15、father ahead. C with+名词/代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. D with+名词/代词+-ed 形式3With his homework done, Peter went out to play. I wouldnt go hom
16、e without the job finished. E with+名词/代词+-ing 形式 Tom felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，汤姆感到很 高兴。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没人知道它在哪里。F with+名词/代词+不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 提示：在 withwith
