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1、System Software Chapter 5Khalid Nazim S.A. 1Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of software operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user in
2、terfaces (GUIs).1 Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.
3、2 The most recent client version of Windows is Windows Vista. The current server version of Windows is Windows Server 2008.Date 16-bit 32-bit 64-bitNovember 20, 1985 Windows 1.0 December 9, 1987 Windows 2.0May 22, 1990 Windows 3.0April 6, 1992 Windows 3.1October 27, 1992 Windows for Workgroups 3.1Ju
4、ly 27, 1993 Windows NT 3.1November 8, 1993 Windows for Workgroups 3.11September 21, 1994 Windows NT 3.5March 1995 Microsoft BOBMay 30, 1995 Windows NT 3.51System Software Chapter 5Khalid Nazim S.A. 2August 24, 1995 Windows 95August 24, 1996 Windows NT 4.0June 25, 1998 Windows 98May 9, 1999 Windows 9
5、8 SEFebruary 17, 2000 Windows 2000September 14, 2000 Windows MeOctober 25, 2001 Windows XPApril 25, 2003 Windows Server 2003December 18, 2003 Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003October 12, 2004 Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005April 25, 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 EditionJuly 8, 2006 Window
6、s Fundamentals for Legacy PCsNovember 30, 2006 Windows Vista for Business useJanuary 30, 2007 Windows Vista for Home use; released in fifty countriesSystem Software Chapter 5Khalid Nazim S.A. 3July 16, 2007 Windows Home ServerFebruary 27, 20082 Windows Server 200820103 Windows 7In computing, the X W
7、indow System (commonly X11 or X) is a system which implements the X display protocol and provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol with which to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to m
8、any other contemporary general purpose operating systems.X provides the basic framework, or primitives, for building GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse and/or keyboard. X does not mandate the user interface individual client programs handle this.
9、As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces. X is not an integral part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional application layer on top of the operating system kernel.Unlike previous display
10、protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X features network transparency: the machine where an application program (the client application) runs can differ from the users local machine (the display server).X ori
11、ginated at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, X.org Server, available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licences.1DesignFor more details on this t
12、opic, see X Window System protocols and architecture.For more details on this topic, see X Window System core protocol.X uses a client-server model: an X server communicates with various client programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output (windows) and sends back user input (from keybo
13、ard, mouse, or touchscreen). The server may function as: an application displaying to a window of another display system a system program controlling the video output of a PC System Software Chapter 5Khalid Nazim S.A. 4 a dedicated piece of hardware. This client-server terminology the users terminal
14、 as the server, the remote or local applications as the clients often confuses new X users, because the terms appear reversed. But X takes the perspective of the program, rather than that of the end-user or of the hardware: the local X display provides display services to programs, so it acts as a s
15、erver; any remote program uses these services, thus it acts as a client.In this example, the X server takes input from a keyboard and mouse and displays to a screen. A web browser and a terminal emulator run on the users workstation, and a system updater runs on a remote server but is controlled fro
16、m the users machine. Note that the remote application runs just as it would locally.The communication protocol between server and client operates network-transparently: the client and server may run on the same machine or on different ones, possibly with different architectures and operating systems, but they run the same in either case. A client and server can even communicate securely over the Internet by tunneling the connection over an encrypted ne
