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1、Style and Translation,“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” -Eugene. A. Nida,II. classification,(一)按正式程度分(according to the degree of formality): the froze
2、n style 庄严体，正式程度最高, 往往形成程式, 如法律文书套语 the formal style 正式体, 用于正式、严肃的场合 the consultative style 商谈体, 也称通用体、一般体, 这是日常工作、生活中一般交往时使用的语体, 既非正式, 也不随意 the casual style 随意体, 熟人之间不拘礼节的非正式语体 the intimate style 亲密体, 用于关系亲密的家庭成员及朋友之间,五种文体中前两种是正式文体, 英语词典里的文体标记为fml.(formal)。 后两种是非正式文体, 标记infml.(informal), 具口语特点。 中间的
3、一种又可称为中性语体(neutral), 词典里不注文体标记。中性语体作为书面语使用时, 往往反映当代英语的通用文风 (the language style of general communication), 应用范围最广。,(二) 按体裁分 (according to the types of writing) description 描写体 narration 叙事体 exposition 说明体 argumentation论说体,(三) 按题材和实际用途分 (according to the topics or functions of writing): 汉译英比较常见的有以下几种类
4、型的文章: 国情介绍 ( 介绍中国文化、名胜等)； 文学作品 ( 散文、小说、诗歌等)； 新闻特写、评论、政论文类； 科技及科普文章； 商贸类； 法律及文献类,在英语专业八级考试中, 按教学大纲对汉译英的要求, 文体种类主要是报刊上的文章, 题材包括日常生活记叙和一般的政治、经济、文化方面的短文, 此外还有比较浅易的文学作品。考试大纲中提到的文体种类是：报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍, 以及一般文学作品的节录。 以英译汉而论, 教学大纲中规定 “能翻译相当于英美报刊上有一定难度的文章, 题材包括:日常生活记叙；一般政治、经济、文化方面的论述；科普材料；文学原著。”考试大纲要求 “ 能运用英译汉的
5、理论和技巧, 翻译英美国家报刊杂志上的有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文章以及文学原著的节录。”,1) Will you please honor me by coming to my humble home for a simple meal this FRIDAY evening? We will be very pleased if you can come at 6 oclock. 2) Frank, wed like you and your wife to come over for dinner this Friday evening. Six-thirty at our
6、place. Can you make it,Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tu
7、be having muscles and going to the stomach. Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach.,祝贺信 小刚： 今
8、天得悉你以优异的成绩毕业于南京大学，我可以想象，你的父母现在是怎样地引以为荣。他们一直殷切地希望你获得辉煌的成就。我听说你不久要到美国去继续深造，预祝你在学习和研究工作上取得更大的成就。 祝好 小云,译文 Dear Xiao Gang: I learned that you were graduated with great honors from Nanjing University today. I can well imagine how proud of your parents are now, who have been anxiously hoping to witness yo
9、ur brilliant success. As I understand, you will continue studies in the United States soon. I wish you greater success in your studies and research work. With best wishes. Yours, Xiao Yun,申请信 亲爱的先生： 我于2006年6月毕业于南京大学机械工程系，久慕贵校研究生院机械工程系之大名，现拟申请贵校2007年春季入学许可及奖学金，如蒙惠寄有关简章和申请表，则不胜感谢。 收到贵校的复信后，我会立即寄去所有证明材
10、料。急盼早复。 黄鹏,译文 Dear Sir, Having graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Nanjing University in June, 2006, I am deeply interested in your graduate school in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. I would now like to apply for admission and a tuition scholarship at your university
11、 for the spring semester of 2007. I would appreciate your sending me catalog and application forms. As soon as I receive your letter, I shall forward you all my supporting documents. I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience. Respectfully yours, Huang Peng,III. How to tell?
12、How to translate?,1. fml.与infml.的识别和运用 词典中的文体标记很多，如lit.(literary), colloq.(colloquial), sl.(slang), derog.(derogatory), poet.(poetic), vulg.(vulgar)等等。这其中最值得注意的是fml.与infml.两种。 翻译时(写作时)要有一种文体意识, 选用词语时一定要看一看它的文体特点是否合适。平时看政论文、听新闻比较多的人, 写英文时往往下意识地倾向于用大词和较为正式的说法; 而口语较好的人就比较喜欢用较随意的、非正式的说法；读文学经典原著多的人, 若一意模
13、仿著名作家的用词造句或风格, 同样可能使译文与原文文体不吻合，就需要有意识地做些调整。翻译时若不注意文体色彩的协调, 会使译文显得不伦不类。,2. 注意中性文体 如果原文没有明显的口语或书面语特点, 一般应将译文大体控制在中性文体(neutral)的状态上。就文章正式程度而言, 日常所见的大部分偏于中性, 特别是翻译测试所用的原文, 一般都尽量避免过于正式或过于口语化，因此, 要特别注意避免中性文体的文章中使用文体色彩过于强烈的词汇。 强调中性文体并不是说具有fml.和infml.特点的词语就一概不用了, 有时同一篇文章各个部分会有不同文体色彩, 如语言与文化,全文基本上是中性文体, 但对话部
14、分就要用口语体来译，使它听起来确实像口语。,3. 重视功能对等 汉英翻译中在面对体现不同实用特点的文章时, 需要掌握一个基本的原则,这就是功能对等(functional equivalence)。具体到一些词语或句子的译法, 按照功能对等的原则, 就是看在同样的情况下，为表达同样的意思、达到同样的效果，目的语中是怎么说的。,1 家父已经仙逝/驾鹤乘祥。 2 我敬爱的父亲去世了。 3 我父亲已经死了。 4 我家的老头子上西天了。,My beloved father has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My
15、father has died. My old man has kicked the bucket.,1 You are old enough to be more reasonable. Youre old enough, dear Miss Miller, to be talked about. 翻译：你的年纪已经足够达到该通情达理了，密勒小姐，你已经到被人议论的年岁了。,亲爱的密勒小姐，你年纪不小了，该懂点事了。你是个大姑娘了，会有人讲闲话的，你懂吗？,You should switch off the machine if you are not going to use it in
16、a long time. 译1：如果长时间内不用的话, 应把机器关掉。 译2：长期不用, 应切断电源。,路滑, 小心跌倒！ 译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！ 译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down. 译3：Slippery / Wet path！,(原文)月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又象笼着轻纱的梦。 译文1： Moonlight was flowing quietly like a stream down to the leaves and flowers. A light
