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1、1初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习一、定语从句的概念 定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,其作用相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。先行词:定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。先行词 关系词 定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。(1)限制性定语: a 从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开 b 从句不可省去,否则句意含糊
2、不清(2)非限制性定语从句: a 主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用 b 如省去,主句意思依然清楚。eg:There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括 that, which, who(宾格 whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括 where, when, why 等。
3、关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。关系词 词形 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所充当的成分关系代词 who 人 主语、宾语、表语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语、表语that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语关系副词 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why原因名词 原因状语三、关系代词的用法1、who, whom 二者都用于指人,who 用作主语,whom 用作宾语(可省略) 。在口语中,有时可用 who 代替whom, 也可省略。例如:eg:The girl who often help
4、s me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。 (作主语)eg:Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)eg:Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket.(直接跟在介词后面,不能用 who,只能用 whom,且不能省略) 昨天,我碰到了一些一起逛过超市的朋友。2、whose 的用法 whose 一般指人,但有时也指物。在从句中作定
5、语。eg:Do you know the girl whose French is excellent? 你认识那个法语非常好的姑娘吗?Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 (= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.)3、which which 用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。eg:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站
6、附近的那座大楼是一家超市。 (作主语)The film (which ) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。 (作宾语)4、that that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。指人时可与 who、whom 互换,指物时可与 which 互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略,不可直接跟在介词后面作宾语。eg:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 (that 作主语)The coat (that) I put on the desk is
7、 blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 (that 作宾语)5、as as 引导定语从句主要用于两种结构:用于 as we all know 类句型中,用于 such.as.,the same.as.等固定结构中。(1)as 用于 as we all know 等句式中 eg:She is very patient, as is shown in her work. (作主语)她很耐心,正如她工作中所表现出来的一样。There was a supermarket around here, as I remember. (作宾语)我记得这儿附近有一家超市。2Things are not t
8、he same as they used to be.(作表语)事情变得和以前不一样了。(2) as 用于 such.as.等句式中 as 引导定语从句常出现于 such.as.,the same.as. ,so.as.,as.as.中eg:Its the same person as we wanted to find yesterday .(作宾语)我们昨天要找的是同一个人。Such girls as he knows are good at English. (作宾语)他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。Such people as have made great contributions to
9、 the world should be greatly respected.(作主语)那些对世界做出极大贡献的人应当受到极大的尊重。You can take as many candies as you want.(第二个 as 在定语从句中作宾语)你想拿多少糖果就拿多少。注意: (1)有些“动词+介词”习语如 look after,look for,call on 等不可把介词提前。eg:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。(2)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:eg:T
10、he city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。(3)关系词只能用 that 的情况:a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that,而不用which. eg:He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用 which.eg:Is there
11、anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?c.先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few ,all, any, much, many 等词修饰时,只能用 that,而不用 which. eg:This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用 that, 而不用 which. I can remember well the persons and some pictures
12、that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that. eg:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?f.主句是 there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用 that,而不用 which.eg:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。主句是 there be 结构,关系代词在从句中指人时,宜用 who(4)关系词只能用 which,而不用 that
13、的情况:a.先行词为 that, those 时,用 which, 而不用 that.例如:eg:What s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which,而不用 that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句,用 which, 而不用 that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。四、关系副词的用法(1)whenwhen 指时间,其先行词表示时间,w
14、hen 在句中作时间状语。eg:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。when 通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于 day, year, time 等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成 that)。eg:That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国。 Ill never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。(2)where where 指地点,其先行词表示地点,where 在句中作地点状语。eg:This is plac
15、e where he works.这是他工作的地点。 where 通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于 place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere 少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成 that)。eg:This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时?(3)why 3why 指原因,其先行词是原因, why 起原因状语作用。例如:
16、eg:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。 why 通常只用于 the reason 后引导定语从句,且通常可换成 that 或 for which,均可省略。eg:Thats the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。as&which 引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换。eg:I live a long way from work, as/ which you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。1、宜用 which,不用 as(1)当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词带的是一个复合宾语结构时,一般用 which 而不宜用 as。如:eg:You pretended not to know me, which