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1、BIOSENSOR Generalprinciplesandapplications JayantiTokas PhD1 RubinaBegumPhD1 ShaliniJain PhD2andHariomYadav PhD2 1DepartmentofBiotechnology JMIT Radaur India 2NIDDK NationalInstituteofHealth Bethesda MD20892 USAEmail yadavhariom WhatisaBiosensor Biosensor Anydevicethatusesspecificbiochemicalreaction
2、stodetectchemicalcompoundsinbiologicalsamples CurrentDefinition Asensorthatintegratesabiologicalelementwithaphysiochemicaltransducertoproduceanelectronicsignalproportionaltoasingleanalytewhichisthenconveyedtoadetector ComponentsofaBiosensor Detector FatheroftheBiosensor ProfessorLelandCClarkJnr1918
3、2005 1916Firstreportonimmobilizationofproteins adsorptionofinvertaseonactivatedcharcoal1922FirstglasspHelectrode1956Clarkpublishedhisdefinitivepaperontheoxygenelectrode 1962Firstdescriptionofabiosensor anamperometricenzymeelectrodreforglucose Clark 1969GuilbaultandMontalvo Firstpotentiometricbiosens
4、or ureaseimmobilizedonanammoniaelectrodetodetecturea1970Bergveld ionselectiveFieldEffectTransistor ISFET 1975LubbersandOpitzdescribedafibre opticsensorwithimmobilisedindicatortomeasurecarbondioxideoroxygen HistoryofBiosensors 1975Firstcommercialbiosensor YellowspringsInstrumentsglucosebiosensor 1975
5、Firstmicrobebasedbiosensor Firstimmunosensor1976Firstbedsideartificialpancreas Miles 1980FirstfibreopticpHsensorforinvivobloodgases Peterson 1982Firstfibreoptic basedbiosensorforglucose1983Firstsurfaceplasmonresonance SPR immunosensor1984Firstmediatedamperometricbiosensor ferroceneusedwithglucoseoxi
6、daseforglucosedetection HistoryofBiosensors 1987Blood glucosebiosensorlaunchedbyMediSenseExacTech1990SPRbasedbiosensorbyPharmaciaBIACore1992Handheldbloodbiosensorbyi STAT1996LaunchingofGlucocard1998BloodglucosebiosensorlaunchbyLifeScanFastTake1998RocheDiagnosticsbyMergerofRocheandBoehringermannheimC
7、urrentQuantomdots nanoparicles nanowire nanotube etc HistoryofBiosensors 1 LINEARITYLinearityofthesensorshouldbehighforthedetectionofhighsubstrateconcentration 2 SENSITIVITYValueoftheelectroderesponsepersubstrateconcentration 3 SELECTIVITYChemicalsInterferencemustbeminimisedforobtainingthecorrectres
8、ult 4 RESPONSETIMETimenecessaryforhaving95 oftheresponse BasicCharacteristicsofaBiosensor Biosensor 1 TheAnalyte Whatdoyouwanttodetect Molecule Protein toxin peptide vitamin sugar metalion 2 Samplehandling Howtodelivertheanalytetothesensitiveregion Micro fluidics Concentrationincrease decrease Filtr
9、ation selection Biosensor 4 Signal Howdoyouknowtherewasadetection 3 Detection Recognition Howdoyouspecificallyrecognizetheanalyte Biosensor Exampleofbiosensors PregnancytestDetectsthehCGproteininurine Glucosemonitoringdevice fordiabetespatients Monitorstheglucoselevelintheblood Exampleofbiosensors I
10、nfectousdiseasebiosensorfromRBS Oldtimecoalminers biosensor ResearchBiosensors BiacoreBiosensorplatform FluorescenceDNAMicroarraySPRSurfaceplasmonresonanceImpedancespectroscopySPM Scanningprobemicroscopy AFM STM QCM Quartzcrystalmicrobalance SERS SurfaceEnhancedRamanSpectroscopy Electrochemical Typi
11、calSensingTechniquesforBiosensors TypesofBiosensors CalorimetricBiosensorPotentiometricBiosensorAmperometricBiosensorOpticalBiosensorPiezo electricBiosensor Piezo ElectricBiosensors Thechangeinfrequencyisproportionaltothemassofabsorbedmaterial Piezo electricdevicesusegoldtodetectthespecificangleatwh
12、ichelectronwavesareemittedwhenthesubstanceisexposedtolaserlightorcrystals suchasquartz whichvibrateundertheinfluenceofanelectricfield ElectrochemicalBiosensors Forappliedcurrent Movementofe inredoxreactionsdetectedwhenapotentialisappliedbetweentwoelectrodes PotentiometricBiosensor Forvoltage Changei
13、ndistributionofchargeisdetectedusingion selectiveelectrodes suchaspH meters OpticalBiosensors ColorimetricforcolorMeasurechangeinlightadsorptionPhotometricforlightintensityPhotonoutputforaluminescentorfluorescentprocesscanbedetectedwithphotomultipliertubesorphotodiodesystems CalorimetricBiosensors I
14、ftheenzymecatalyzedreactionisexothermic twothermistorsmaybeusedtomeasurethedifferenceinresistancebetweenreactantandproductand hence theanalyteconcentration ElectrochemicalDNABiosensor StepsinvolvedinelectrochemicalDNAhybridizationbiosensors FormationoftheDNArecognitionlayerActualhybridizationeventTr
15、ansformationofthehybridizationeventintoanelectricalsignal Motivatedbytheapplicationtoclinicaldiagnosisandgenomemutationdetection TypesDNABiosensors ElectrodesChipsCrystals DNAbiosensor WearableBiosensors RingSensor SmartShirt BiosensorsontheNanoscale Molecularsheathsaroundthenanotubearedevelopedthat
16、respondtoaparticularchemicalandmodulatethenanotube sopticalproperties Alayerofolfactoryproteinsonananoelectrodereactwithlow concentrationodorants SPOT NOSEDProject Doctorscanusetodiagnosediseasesatearlierstages Nanospherelithography NSL derivedtriangularAgnanoparticlesareusedtodetectstreptavidindowntoonepicomolarconcentrations TheSchoolofBiomedicalEngineeringhasdevelopedananti bodybasedpiezoelectricnanobiosensortobeusedforanthrax HIVhepatitisdetection PotentialApplications ClinicaldiagnosticsFoo
