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1、LESSON 1 GLOBAL WARMING 1 11 Global Warming In groups discuss what you know about global warming. Look at the pictures to get ideas.2Traffic Jam 3Factory4 The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide,
2、 nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earths average temperature would be about 60F colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases. The Greenhouse Effect5The Greenhou
3、se Effect 6 Without this greenhouse heating, the Earths Without this greenhouse heating, the Earths average temperature would be only about -73 Caverage temperature would be only about -73 C (-100 F); even the oceans would be frozen under (-100 F); even the oceans would be frozen under such conditio
4、ns,such as the Moon and the Mars. such conditions,such as the Moon and the Mars. MarsMoon7What Are Greenhouse Gases? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occuring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, n
5、itrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases .8 Owing to the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by modern industrial societies widespread combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), the greenhouse effect
6、on Earth may be intensified and long-term climatic changes may result. 9When faced with this question, as individuals should recognize that collectively we can make a difference. What difference can we make?Individual 10 Taking action on global warming (or climate change) is similar. In some cases,
7、it only takes a little change in lifestyle and behavior to make some big changes in greenhouse gas reductions. For other types of actions, the changes are more significant. When that action is multiplied by the 1.3 billion people in the China. Or the 6 billion people worldwide, the savings are signi
8、ficant.11Taking public transport like buses can reduce greenhouse gas emissions 12And Taking train can also help a reduction of greenhouse gas. 13The recycling symbol Buy the recycled productsRecycled products14Recycling the bottlesYour glass bottles could be recycled into house insulation, plastic
9、bottles could be made into a cosy fleece jacket.15Paper recycling your paper could become part of a road or race-track16using low-flow shower headsbuying energy-efficient light bulbsreplacewith17Vocabulary Use the expressions in the box in the correct form to Use the expressions in the box in the co
10、rrect form to complete the plete the sentences. beyond our control, pump into, as a result of, in large beyond our control, pump into, as a result of, in large quantities, refer to, speed upquantities, refer to, speed up1 Water was 1 Water was the fish pond from the the fish pond from the river.rive
11、r.2 We all need to 2 We all need to to finish in time! to finish in time!pumped intopumped intospeed upspeed up183 There is nothing more we can do .the situation is 3 There is nothing more we can do .the situation is nownow . .4 4 the accident, she is now afraid the accident, she is now afraid of wa
12、ter.of water.5 The scientist 5 The scientist global warming at least global warming at least three times in his speech.three times in his speech.6 The factory was producing greenhouse 6 The factory was producing greenhouse gases gases . .beyond our controlbeyond our controlAs a result ofAs a result
13、ofreferred toreferred toin large quantitiesin large quantities19Grammar : ReportingWhat verbs are used in the text to report these What verbs are used in the text to report these statements?statements?Example 1 = to report thatExample 1 = to report that1 Human beings are causing changes in the Earth
14、s 1 Human beings are causing changes in the Earths climate.climate.2 Gases pumped into the Earths atmospere have been2 Gases pumped into the Earths atmospere have been speeding up the process of global warming. speeding up the process of global warming.to report thatto report that to claim thatto cl
15、aim that 205 Global warming will cause dramatic climate 5 Global warming will cause dramatic climate changes including more frequent floods ,heat changes including more frequent floods ,heat waves, and droughts.waves, and droughts.3 Global warming could be one of the biggest 3 Global warming could b
16、e one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.environmental problems facing the 21st century.to believe thatto believe that to insist thatto insist that 4 Global warming is mostly due to human activities.4 Global warming is mostly due to human activities.to warn thatto warn tha
17、t 21Look at these sentences from the text and explain why the underlined verbs are not the same tense as the reporting verbs.1 Recent report from the IPCC warned that global 1 Recent report from the IPCC warned that global warming warming will causewill cause dramatic climate changes. dramatic clima
18、te changes.2 Scientist found that the temperature of the Earth2 Scientist found that the temperature of the Earth is controlledis controlled by greenhouse gases. by greenhouse gases.Because it is in the futureBecause it is in the futureBecause it is a general truthBecause it is a general truth22Matc
19、h the sentences with appropriate reporting verbs from the list. Then write the reported sentences. admit,boast ,forbid ,inquire,invite,order,suggest, admit,boast ,forbid ,inquire,invite,order,suggest, threaten threaten1 Well close credit lines if you dont reduce carbon 1 Well close credit lines if y
20、ou dont reduce carbon dioxide emissions.dioxide emissions.They threatened to close the credit lines if we dont They threatened to close the credit lines if we dont reduce Cabon dioxide emissions.reduce Cabon dioxide emissions.233 Why dont you drop in tonight?3 Why dont you drop in tonight?2 OK, you
21、are right,some poisionous chemical did escape 2 OK, you are right,some poisionous chemical did escape into the atmospere.into the atmospere.They admitted that some poisonous chemicals had They admitted that some poisonous chemicals had escaped into the atmosphere.escaped into the atmosphere.He /She/
22、They invited me to drop in tonight.He /She/They invited me to drop in tonight.24He /She/They ordered me to stand up immediately.He /She/They ordered me to stand up immediately.He /She/They forbade us to use our dictionaries He /She/They forbade us to use our dictionaries during the test.during the t
23、est.He /She boasted that he/she is the best student in He /She boasted that he/she is the best student in that school.that school.4 Stand up immediately!4 Stand up immediately!5 Im the best student in this school !5 Im the best student in this school !6 You cant use your dictionaries during the test
24、.6 You cant use your dictionaries during the test.258 Is the bus service running according to the 8 Is the bus service running according to the timetable today?timetable today?He /She/They suggested having/that we shouldHe /She/They suggested having/that we shouldhave a cup of tea.have a cup of tea.
25、I/He /She/They/We inquired if the bus service I/He /She/They/We inquired if the bus service was running according to the timetable today.was running according to the timetable today.7 Shall we have a cup of tea?7 Shall we have a cup of tea?2610 use the following verbs to report the two dialogues.a)a
26、)admit ,admit ,advise,promiseadvise,promise ,warn ,warnTom: I dont think you should play the game Tom: I dont think you should play the game today,Johntoday,John. .John: Youre John: Youre right.Imright.Im still a little bit ill, but I promise still a little bit ill, but I promise I wont overdo it.I
27、wont overdo it.Tom advised John not to play the game today.Tom advised John not to play the game today.John admitted that Tom was right because he wasJohn admitted that Tom was right because he was a little bit ill. He promised not to overdo it. a little bit ill. He promised not to overdo it.27Tom:
28、Be careful.If you yun around too much in this Tom: Be careful.If you yun around too much in this Weather you may get another attack of the “flu”.Weather you may get another attack of the “flu”.Tom warned John to be careful because if he ran Tom warned John to be careful because if he ran aound too m
29、uch in the weather he might get another aound too much in the weather he might get another attack of the flu.attack of the flu.28b) accuse , beg, complain,deny,explain,refuseb) accuse , beg, complain,deny,explain,refuseDaughter:Mum,please, will you buy me this CD?Daughter:Mum,please, will you buy me
30、 this CD?Ive always wanted it .Ive always wanted it .Mother: Sarah ,you know I cant afford it. Why do Mother: Sarah ,you know I cant afford it. Why do you always ask me to buy you expensive things?you always ask me to buy you expensive things?Sarah begged her mother to buy her the CD Sarah begged he
31、r mother to buy her the CD because she always wanted it.because she always wanted it.Her mother refused and explained that she couldntHer mother refused and explained that she couldntafford it. She complained that her daughter was afford it. She complained that her daughter was always asking her to
32、buy her expensive thingsalways asking her to buy her expensive things29The daughter denied this. She accused her mother The daughter denied this. She accused her mother of never buying her the things she wanted but of never buying her the things she wanted but only the things her mother liked.only t
33、he things her mother liked.Daughter: Thats not ture. You just never buy me things Daughter: Thats not ture. You just never buy me things that I want ,only those that you like!that I want ,only those that you like!30Language in use 11 Report the following statements that you heard at 11 Report the fo
34、llowing statements that you heard at 9 a.m. this morning.Do you need to change the 9 a.m. this morning.Do you need to change the tense? tense? 1 “Women live longer than men.”1 “Women live longer than men.”I heard that I heard that 2 “ Our galaxy contains several thousand million 2 “ Our galaxy conta
35、ins several thousand million stars.”stars.”An astronomer announed that An astronomer announed that I heard that women live longer than men.I heard that women live longer than men.An astronomer announed that our galaxyAn astronomer announed that our galaxy contains contains several thousand million s
36、tars.several thousand million stars. 313 “The 2016 Olympics will be organised in Africa.”3 “The 2016 Olympics will be organised in Africa.”A sports expert said that A sports expert said that 4 “This room is too hot.”4 “This room is too hot.”Jonathan complained that Jonathan complained that 5 “The hu
37、rricane has killed 9 people.”5 “The hurricane has killed 9 people.”The newspaper reportedThe newspaper reportedA sports expert said that the 2016 Olympics willA sports expert said that the 2016 Olympics will be organised in Africa. be organised in Africa.Jonathan complained that this room was too ho
38、t. Jonathan complained that this room was too hot. The newspaper reported the hurricane had The newspaper reported the hurricane had killed 9 people.killed 9 people.32Grammar: Reporting verbsWhen using reported speech, most students learn to When using reported speech, most students learn to use say
39、 ; tell and ask :use say ; tell and ask :e.g.e.g. I am going to the shop. I am going to the shop. He said (that) he was going to the shop. He said (that) he was going to the shop. Sit down and open your books. Sit down and open your books. She told us to sit down and open our books. She told us to s
40、it down and open our books. Will you come with us tomorrow? Will you come with us tomorrow? He asked me if I would go with them the following day.He asked me if I would go with them the following day.33A native speaker of English, however, will often use A native speaker of English, however, will of
41、ten use reporting verbs other than just say, tell and ask. reporting verbs other than just say, tell and ask. Compare the following:Compare the following:I didnt do it! I didnt do it! He He saidsaid that he hadnt done it. that he hadnt done it. He He denieddenied that he had done it OR He denied doi
42、ng it. that he had done it OR He denied doing it. Ill bring the book back tomorrow. Ill bring the book back tomorrow. She She saidsaid that she would bring the book back the that she would bring the book back the following day. following day. She She promisedpromised to bring the book back the follo
43、wing day. to bring the book back the following day. 34Please will you think about it some more? Please will you think about it some more? He He askedasked me if I would think about it some more. me if I would think about it some more. HeHe begged begged me to think about it some more. me to think ab
44、out it some more. First you should put the money in the slot and then First you should put the money in the slot and then you should press the button. you should press the button. She She saidsaid that I should first put the money in the slot that I should first put the money in the slot and then pr
45、ess the button. and then press the button. She She explainedexplained what I should do. what I should do. 35Notice that different reporting verbs are followed by different structures, i.e.deny + that-clause OR deny + -ing formpromise + infinitive beg + object + infinitive 36 However, there are a num
46、ber of other reporting verbs which can more accurately describe what someone has said. These verbs take a variety of structures. The following list gives you reporting verbs in various categories based on sentence structure. Notice that a number of verbs can take more than one form. 37(1) verb + obj
47、ect + infinitive advise ;encourage ; invite ; remind ; warn Examples: Examples: 1 Jack encouraged me to look for a new job. 2 They invited all their friends to attend the presentation.38(2) verb + infinitive agree ;decide ; offer ; promise ; refuse ; threaten Examples: She offered to give him a lift
48、 to work.My brother refused to take no for an answer.39(3) verb + (that) admit ; agree ; decide ; deny ; explain ; insist ; promise ; recommend ; suggest Examples: Tom admitted (that) he had tried to leave early. She agreed (that) we needed to reconsider our plans.40(4) verb + gerund Deny ; recommen
49、d ; suggest Examples: He denied having anything to do with her. Ken suggested studying early in the morning.41(5) verb + object + preposition + gerund accuse ; blame ; congratulate Examples: They accused the boys of cheating on the exam. She blamed her husband for missing the train.42(6) verb + preposition + gerund apologize ; insist Examples: He apologized for being late. She insisted on doing the washing up. .43
