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1、Unit 3 The History of UKObjectivesBe familiar with the history before the NormanConquestUnderstand the feudal system after the NormanConquestLearn about the history of the English ReformationandRenaissanceKnowtheEnglishCivilWaranditsconsequencesKnow the major advancements in the IndustrialRevolution
2、BefamiliarwiththeVictorianAgeBe familiar with the situationof Britain in the twoworldwarsA brief timeline of British historyPrehistoric Britain 55BC Roman Britain 43 AD Anglo Saxon Britain 450Viking Britain 793Medieval Britain 1066Tudor Britain 1485 Stuart Britain 1603Georgian Britain 1714 Victorian
3、 Britain 1837 Modern Britain 1902 + RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWWll 434507931066148518371939Questions: 1. TheearliestknownsettlersontheBritishIsleswere_. 2.Themostfamous/biggestrelicleftbytheearliestsettlersonBritishIslesis_.I. Early Britain (Before 1066)Prehistoric times Iberian, Cel
4、t, StonehengeThe best evidence that the primitive people had showntheir own civilization is the Stonehenge. (史前巨石柱史前巨石柱) Questions:3.ChristianitywasfirstbroughttoBritainby_.4.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue,theyare_,the_and_,especially_. Roman Britain55BC-410AD,WelshChristianity,roman
5、roads,cities,Hadrianswall,RomanBathsRomanBritainRoman Army, commanded by Julius Caesar,invadeEnglandin55BC.TheinvasionmarkedthebeginningoftheEnglishRecordedhistory.ThesuccessfulinvasionofEnglandbytheRomanArmy,headedbyEmperorClaudiuswasin43AD.Theybuilttwogreatwalls(theHadriansWall&theAntonineWall)top
6、reventthePictsinScotland.TheRomansremainedinBritainfrom55BCto410AD,almostfourhundredyears(fourcenturies).Theyimposedtheirownwayoflifeandculture.AndtheybroughtChristianitytoEngland.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue:WelshChristianity,theRomanroadsandcities,especiallyLondon.Hadrians Wall (
7、哈德良长城)HadriansWall,astonewallbarrierbuilttoseparatetheRomansandthePictstribesinScotland2000yearsago(122A.D.).ItallowedRomansoldierstocontrolthemovementsofpeoplecomingintoorleavingRomanBritain.Itwassowellbuiltthatyoucanstillseepartsofittoday.How long was Hadrians Wall?Itwas117kilometers(73miles)longa
8、crossthenarrowneckofEngland,fromtheNorthSeatotheIrishSea.RomanCivilizationBuiltupbaths,temples,amphitheatres,villasandbuildings,Established network of towns(-ster, -cester, -shire),roadsandorganizedgovernmentsystem;minediron,lead,tinandmanufacturedpottery.Broughtnewreligion-ChristianityTreated the B
9、ritons as slaves and there was nointermarriage.RomanBathsQuestions:5.ThethreeTeutonicgroupsbegantomigratefromtheregionofDenmarkandLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.Thethreegroupsare_,_and_.Fromthe_conquerorscamethename“England”and“English”. Anglo-Saxon Britain & Danish Inv
10、asion450,3Teutonicgroups,Heptarchy,KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTableVikingBritain,793,KingAlfred,theGreatTheAnglo-SaxonConquestFromthemiddleofthefifthcentury,threeTeutonicgroupsbegantomigratefromtheregionofDenmarkandtheLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.ThethreeTeutoni
11、cgroupswereAngles,SaxonsandJutes.FromtheAnglo-Saxonconquerorscamethename“England”,meaningthelandofAnglo-Saxonsand“English”.Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy(七国时代)ThesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy,havingoccupiedthelowlandzones.Jutesi
12、nvasion:In449,theJutishchiefbecamethekingofKent（肯特）;Anglo-SaxonConquest:Saxon:Essex（埃塞克斯）,Sussex（苏赛克斯）,Wessex（威赛克斯）;Angles:EastAnglia（东盎格利亚）,Northumbria（诺森布里亚）,Mercia（麦西亚）;NopossessionofScotland,WalesandIreland,stillbyCeltsThelegendofKingArthur;KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTablewereromanizedCelt
13、stryingtoholdbacktheadvancesoftheAnglo-Saxons.TheVikingBritain(793)AnotherwaveofGermanicinvasioncameintheeighthcentury.TheseinvaderswereknownasVikings,theNorsemenorDanes,whocamefromScandinavia.IntheninthcenturytheyconqueredandsettledtheextremenorthandwestofScotland,andalsosomecoastalregionsofIreland
14、.TheirconquestofEnglandwashaltedwhentheyweredefeatedbyKingAlfredoftheSaxonkingdomofWessex.Thisresultedinanagreementin878whichdividedEnglandbetweenWessexinthesouthandwest,andthe“Danelaw”inthenorthandeast.Viking InvasionThe name Viking comes from my language which is called Old Norse. It means a pirat
15、e raid. AlfredtheGreatAlfredtheGreatFatherofBritishNavy;theDanelaw(easternpartofEnglandfortheDanes);establishedschoolsandbroughtchurchmentoteachLatin;hiswritingsandtranslations(beginningofproseliteratureinEngland);However,fewerdifferencesexistedbetweenAnglo-SaxonsandDanes.Bytheendofthe10thcenturyEng
16、landwasonekingdomwithaGermanicculturethroughout.Mostofmodern-dayScotlandwasalsounitedbythistimeinaCeltickingdom.TheNormanConquestFactsTheBattleofHastingsin1066madeWilliam,theConquerorthefirstAnglo-NormankingofEngland.SignificanceItisthelastinvasionofEnglandbyforeignerswhileEnglishhistoryregardsitasa
17、hiddenblessing.Questions:6.NormanConquest,by_,beginningfromtheyear_,established_inBritain.7.KingWilliammadearecordofeachmansproperty,whichwascalled“_”.8.TheGreatChartersignedin_wasmadeintheinterestofthe_,ithadaprogressivesignificance.9.Thefirstparliamentwascalledin1265undertheleadershipof_. II. Medi
18、eval Britain (1066-1485)DoomsdayBookKingJohnandtheGreatCharterin1215andRobinHoodKingHenryIIIandthebeginningofparliamentSirDeMontfortandtheGreatCouncilandAllEstatesParliamentin1265EdwardIandthemodelparliamentin1295andWilliam Wallace-Britain under the Norman kingsWilliamtheConquerorreplacedtheEnglishb
19、ishopswithNormansandmadehimselfHeadoftheBishops;completedtheestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland,Senthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownas DomesdayBookin1085.(Thebook stated the extent, value, populationandownershipoftheLand).FeudalSystemKingLordsKnights/SoldiersCommoners/Farm-workersInfluence
20、IthasspeededupthedevelopmentofFeudalisminEngland.Feudalaristocracydevelopedandresultedintheappearanceofnobletitles.ThissophisticatedmedievalformofgovernmentwashandedovertotheNormansandgrewstronger.TheDoomsdayBook(末日审判书)exemplifiesthepracticalcodification.TowerofLondon(theWhiteTower)servedastheadmini
21、strationofjustice.WitanwasreplacedbytheGreatCouncilledbytheheadofbishops.TheNormanvs.Anglo-Saxonrelationbecamethatofthemastervs.servant.EnglandwascivilizedbyNormanwayofliving,particularlyreflectedbythelanguage.Itisabi-linguisticperiodwithFrenchastheofficiallanguage,LatinasthechurchlanguagewhiletheMi
22、ddleEnglish,asthatofthelowerclass.HoweverEnglishregainedthepositionofdominantspeechbytheendof14thcentury.King Henry II and his reforms Henry House of Plantagenet （金雀花王朝）（金雀花王朝） Henry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪审团制度陪审团制度)institutionalized common law Great Council
23、William IRobertHenryWilliamIIMatildaStephenHenry IIRichardIKingJohnHenryIIIEdwardIEdwardIIRoyal line RichardIRichardIsucceededHenryIIin1189.knownasRichard the Lion- heart （狮狮心心王王）even before his accession, because of hisreputationasagreatmilitaryleaderandwarrior.WhilehespokeverylittleEnglishandspent
24、verylittletimeinEngland(helivedinthesouthwestofFrance).HewasbusywiththeCrusade（十字军东征）inhislifetime.Heremainsoneoftheveryfew Kings of England remembered as anenduring,iconicfigureinEngland.RobinHoodWhileKingRichardIwasfightinginthecrusades,EnglandwasgovernedbyhisbrotherJohn,whoimposedallthetaxes.Robi
25、nHoodlivedwithhisbandof“merrymen”inSherwoodForest,stealingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor. Decline of FeudalismThe Greater Charter (1215)Beginning of Parliament（1265）The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) The Black Death ( 1348-1349) The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) ) KingJohnwasdemandingmorefeudaltaxesan
26、darmyservice,andthenanarmyofangrylordsmarchedtoLondon.KingJohnwasforcedtosignthecharterthelordshadpreparedin1215.TheGreatCharter(TheMagnaCarta)大宪章Contents:notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncilnofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedexceptbythelawofthelandIfthekingattemptedtofreehimselffromlaw
27、,thevassals(封臣)hadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit.SignificanceTheGreatCharterwasmadeintheinterestofthefeudallords,greatandsmall.Ithadaprogresssignificance.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-government.ThemerchantsandcraftsmeninEnglandappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.Beginningof
28、ParliamentHenryIIIheavilytaxedthelordstopaytributestothePopetodefeatthelords.SimondeMontfort,defenderoftheGreatCharter,reformedtheGreatCouncilwithtwoknightseachcountyandtworepresentativeseachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLords（上院）andtheHouseofCommons.（下院）TheEarliestEnglishParliament(AllEstatesP
29、arliament)wassummonedin1265inWestminsterafterthecaptureofHenryIII.In1295,KingEdwardIsummonedthe“AllEstatesParliament”morethan400hundredmembersinall.Asthatparliamentwasfollowedasamodel,itbecameknowninhistoryasthe“ModelParliament”.EdwardIwasalsofamousforhisinvasionofScotlandfightingwithWilliamWallacei
30、nthefirstwarofScottishIndependence.TheHundredYearsWar(13371453)Joan of Arc(1412-1431),theleaderoftheFrenchpeasantsagainsttheEnglish.shewaslatertriedforheresy（异端邪说）andsorcery（巫术）andwasburnedatthestakeinRouen.Resultofthewar:Bythetimethewarwasconcluded,theEnglishhadlostalltheterritoriestheyhadgaineddur
31、ingthewarexcepttheFrenchportofCalais.Consequenceofthewar:Thewaracceleratedthebreakdownoffeudalsocietyandputthemoneyclass,thenewbourgeoisieinamoreimportantpositioninBritain.TheBlackDeath(1348-50):killednearlyhalfoftheEuropeanpopulationConsequenceoftheBlackDeathThelordswasinshortageofthelaborWagelabor
32、demandedhigherwagesandgreaterfreedom.Theparadoxledtothehatredandconflictbetweenthetwoclasses.WarsoftheRosesTheWarsoftheRoses(14551485)wereaseriesofcivilwarsfoughtoverthethroneofEnglandbetweenadherentsoftheHouseofLancaster（兰开斯特）（(feudallandowner)andtheHouseofYork（约克）(commercial-minded).Bothhouseswere
33、branchesofthePlantagenetroyalhouse,tracingdescentfromKingEdwardIII.ThenameWarsoftheRoseshasitsoriginsinthebadgesassociatedwiththetworoyalhouses,theRedRoseofLancasterandtheWhiteRoseofYork.Questions:10.The_Monarchywasinatransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.11.In1533,HenryVIIIrepudiatedpapalsupre
34、macyoverEnglishChurchanddeclaredhimself_oftheChurchofEnglandbytheAct of Supremacy.12.DuringtheRenaissanceperiod,thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistwasSirThomasMore,withhisclassicalwork_.13.Thegreatestdramatist_livedintheageofElisabethI.14.The“GloriousRevolution”wassocalledbecauseitwas_.The Tudor Britain
35、 (1485 1603),HenryVIIandtheTudorRose,HenryIIIandtheReformation,ElizabethIandtheRenaissanceandtheMaritimeWarandthefoundationoftheBritishEmpireThe Stuart (1603 )andtheCivilwar(16421646)andtheRestorationin1660andtheGloriousrevolutionin1688III.TransitiontotheModernAge(1485-1688)Renaissance:TheRenaissanc
36、ebeganinItalyintheearly14thcentury,withLeonardoDaVinciasitsrepresentativefigure.InEngland,theRenaissancebeganwiththeaccession of the House of Tudor to thethronein1485.ThedatewasclosetothatoftheintroductionofprintingintoEnglandbyWilliamCaxton.SelfportraitOfLeonardodaVinciMonaLisaThelastsupperReformat
37、ionandrenaissanceEnglandundertheTudors(1485-1603)HenryVIIgainedthethronewhenhewonovertheWaroftheRosesandcreatedtheTudor rose,containingboththeWhiteRoseofYorkandtheRedRoseofLancaster.ItsymbolizedtheendofastrugglebetweenYorkandLancasterEnglandbecameanationalstatewithanefficientcentralizedgovernment.It
38、wasin the transitional stagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.ItreformedchurchinEnglandandtoleratedenclosures.AmericawasdiscoveredandtheRenaissancespreadintoEngland.ItstimulatedEnglishcommercialandmaritimeenterprise.HenryVIII(reigned1509-1547)Heisoneofthemostwell-knownmonarchsinEnglishhistory.Hehadsixwives.
39、ItwasduringhisreignthattheReformationtookplace.Henry had six wives because. Hehadthefirstwifebecausehewasbetrothedtoherbyhisfather.Hehadthesecondwifebecausehefellinloveandalsoneededalegitimatemaleheir.Hehadthethirdwifebecausehestillneededamaleheir.Hehadthefourthwifebecauseofdiplomaticreasons.Hehadth
40、efifthwifebecausehefellinloveagain.Hehadthesixthwifebecausehewasoldandsickandneededacompanionandnursewhowouldntgivehimtoomuchtrouble.HenrysSixWivesfatewasliketheorderofdivorce,beingbeheaded,death,divorce,beingbeheaded,survival.The Global Reasons for the Reformation in EnglandEncouragedbyMartinLuther
41、,manyEnglishpeopledemandedreformofthechurch.Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresentedbymanypeople.Themonarchywouldbenefitfromthereform.ThefuseThePoperefusedtograntHenryVIIIadivorcefromCatherineofAragon,andhesetuptheProtestant Church of England.The Act of Supremacy(1534)confirmedthebreakfromRome,d
42、eclaringHenrytobetheSupreme HeadoftheChurchofEngland.ElizabethI(1533-1603)DaughterofHenryVIII,wasthefirstofthreelong-reigningqueensinBritishhistory.DuringherlongreignsheestablishedareasonabledegreeofinternalstabilityinafirmlyProtestantEngland.Shenevermarried,butuseditspossibilityasadiplomatictool.In
43、hertime,Englandestablisheditssupremacyoverthesea.OnMarch23,1603,Elizabethdied,whichmarkedtheendofTudorsreign.WhenshecametopowerEnglandwasaninsignificantcountry.WhenshedieditwasamajorEuropeanpower.TheGoldenAgeUnderElizabethIsrule,Englandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthea
44、rts.TheEnglishnavydefeatedtheSpanishArmada.Duringherreign,theageofexplorationbeganwiththeexplorerssuchasFrancisDrakeclaimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterthevirginQueen.TheSpanishArmada（无敌舰队）(InvincibleFleet)inEarly1500sTheMaritimeWarin1588
