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1、Air Quality Conformity Process空气质量达标规划程序 New York Experience大纽约地区的成功经验 JamesJames ChiaoChiaoDirector of Technical ServicesDirector of Technical ServicesNew York Metropolitan Transportation CouncilNew York Metropolitan Transportation Council纽约都会区运输委员会，技术服务处纽约都会区运输委员会，技术服务处 Background背景介绍 A Metropolit
2、an Planning A Metropolitan Planning OrganizationOrganizationA regional government A regional government associationassociationProvide a Provide a platformplatform for policy for policy implementation, project implementation, project coordination, regional planning, coordination, regional planning, a
3、nd funding allocationand funding allocationAchieve 3C (coordinating, Achieve 3C (coordinating, continuing, and comprehensive) continuing, and comprehensive) transportation planning transportation planning requirementsrequirements纽约都会区运输委员会纽约都会区运输委员会一个区域性的政府协会一个区域性的政府协会组织组织 提供一个执行政策、协提供一个执行政策、协调建设、进行
4、规划、分调建设、进行规划、分配经费的配经费的平台平台 以达到以达到3C(3C(协调性、延协调性、延续性、综合性续性、综合性) )的运输的运输规划要求规划要求 The NYMTC Region纽约都会区The NYMTC Region 纽约都会区2,440 square miles 平方英里12.2 million population百万人口477 route miles of commuter rail通勤铁路路线英里数225 route miles of rail rapid transit地铁路线英里数22,870 centerline miles of roadways 各级道路英里数
5、Transit Network大纽约地区公交路网On an average 2002 weekday, the transportation system On an average 2002 weekday, the transportation system carriescarries 年平均每工作日纽约的运输系统承载年平均每工作日纽约的运输系统承载: :3.1 million on buses3.1 million on buses 三三百万公车旅客百万公车旅客4.6 million rail rapid transit4.6 million rail rapid transit 五五
6、百万百万地铁地铁旅客旅客550,000 passengers on commuter rail550,000 passengers on commuter rail五十五五十五万万通勤铁路通勤铁路旅客旅客128,500 on ferries 128,500 on ferries 十三十三万万渡轮旅客渡轮旅客150,000 on airlines150,000 on airlines 十五十五万万航空旅客航空旅客101,000 on PATH101,000 on PATH 十十万万纽约新泽西跨州地铁纽约新泽西跨州地铁旅客旅客205,000 on NJ Transit Rail205,000 on
7、 NJ Transit Rail 二十二十万万新泽西新泽西通勤通勤跨州跨州铁路铁路旅客旅客520,000 on NJ Transit Bus520,000 on NJ Transit Bus 五十二五十二万万新泽西跨州新泽西跨州公车旅客公车旅客The NYMTC Region 纽约都会区NYMTC Transportation Capital Program纽约都会区政府部门交通工程预算2002 - 200602020303040405050606联邦联邦168168 155155 201201 228228 245245州州71715555363632323333地方地方273273 142
8、142 225225 282282 259259总额总额512512 352352 462462 542542 536536单位: 亿人民币5 年總預算: 2兆404 亿人民币5 years budget: 30 billionsNYMTC Transportation Capital Program纽约都会区政府部门交通工程预算种类分布 2002- 2004三年总预算三年总预算: :一百四十亿美金一百四十亿美金 ($14 billion)($14 billion)一千一百六十二亿人民币一千一百六十二亿人民币Projected Vehicular Travel Growth in NY Reg
9、ion: No Action纽约都会区车辆行车里程成长预估:保持现状 Suburban Counties10-County RegionNew York CityHighest growthHighest growthrate will occurrate will occurin the suburbsin the suburbsModest growthModest growthin New York Cityin New York CityEffect of Traffic Growth on Speeds: No Action纽约都会区行车速度改变预估:保持现状Suburban Cou
10、nties10-County RegionNew York CityCongestion will worsenand speeds will decreasein the suburbsSpeeds are already slow in New York CityEffect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing Vehicular TravelEffect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing Vehicular Travel纽约都会区长期运输计划对降低行车里程的影响纽约市郊纽约市郊 Suburban Cou
11、ntiesSuburban Counties纽约都会区纽约都会区10-County Region10-County Region纽约市纽约市 New York CityNew York CityBoth New York CityBoth New York Cityand the suburbs willand the suburbs willBenefit from theBenefit from theTransportation PlanTransportation Plan1995199520002000200520052010201020152015降低约四十万车里数降低约四十万车里
12、数Effect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing CongestionEffect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing Congestion纽约都会区长期运输计劃对提高行车速度的影响纽约市郊纽约市郊 Suburban CountiesSuburban Counties纽约都会区纽约都会区10-County Region10-County Region纽约市纽约市 New York CityNew York CitySpeeds in the Speeds in the suburbssuburbswill b
13、enefit will benefit moremoresignificantly significantly from thefrom theTransportation Transportation PlanPlanEffect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing Emissions纽约都会区长期运输计画对降低汽车排污量的影响To achieveTo achieve Conformity,Conformity,the the Transportation Transportation PlanPlanmust reduce must reduce
14、emissions emissions from the from the No-Action No-Action condition. condition. 19952000200520102015Nitrous Oxide (NOX)Nitrous Oxide (NOX)Hydrocarbons (HC)Hydrocarbons (HC)运输达标规画运输达标规画运输达标规画运输达标规画程序程序程序程序规定长期规定长期规定长期规定长期运输计划必须运输计划必须运输计划必须运输计划必须降低在保持现降低在保持现降低在保持现降低在保持现状的情况下所状的情况下所状的情况下所状的情况下所产生的汽车排产生
15、的汽车排产生的汽车排产生的汽车排污量污量污量污量How do we improve air quality while implement the transportation improvement program?我們如何在解决交通拥挤的同时，确保改善空气污染?Transportation Conformity运输达标规划程序What Is Transportation Conformity ?运输达标规划程序Transportation conformity is a Transportation conformity is a way to ensure that Federal wa
16、y to ensure that Federal funding and approval are given funding and approval are given to those transportation activities to those transportation activities that are consistent with air that are consistent with air quality goals. quality goals. It ensures that these It ensures that these transportat
17、ion activities do not transportation activities do not worsen air quality or interfere worsen air quality or interfere with the purpose of the SIP, with the purpose of the SIP, which is to meet the NAAQS.which is to meet the NAAQS.Meeting the NAAQS often Meeting the NAAQS often requires emissions re
18、ductions requires emissions reductions from mobile sources.from mobile sources.运输达标规划程序确保运输达标规划程序确保联邦经费及核准是给予联邦经费及核准是给予合乎达到空气质量目标合乎达到空气质量目标的运输项目的运输项目。同时确保这些运输项目同时确保这些运输项目不会使空气质量恶化或不会使空气质量恶化或干扰以达到国家空气质干扰以达到国家空气质量标准为目的的州执行量标准为目的的州执行计画计画。为达到国家空气质量标为达到国家空气质量标准准，时常需要自移动污时常需要自移动污染染源源降低排污量降低排污量。Key Factors
19、 of Transportation Conformity运输达标规划程序的成功要素Transportation Conformity Transportation Conformity Linked to FundingLinked to FundingTransportation Conformity Transportation Conformity Linked to Transportation Linked to Transportation PlanningPlanningOptions and Trade-offs Options and Trade-offs Between
20、Emission Between Emission Reduction StrategiesReduction StrategiesCAA Linkages to CAA Linkages to Transportation PlanningTransportation PlanningChallenges for Challenges for Transportation OfficialsTransportation Officials和联邦经费和联邦经费挂钩挂钩和运输规划和运输规划挂钩挂钩权衡各种降低排污量的权衡各种降低排污量的策略策略洁净空洁净空气气法案法案和运输规和运输规划划挂钩挂钩
21、交通部门官员所面临的交通部门官员所面临的挑战挑战Transportation Conformity & Pollutants运输达标规划程序 及 污染物Transportation conformity Transportation conformity applies to the following applies to the following criteria pollutants:criteria pollutants:l lOzone, Ozone, l lCarbon monoxide (CO), Carbon monoxide (CO), l lNitrogen dioxid
22、e (NO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and and l lParticles with an Particles with an aerodynamic diameter aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 less than or equal to 10 microns (PM-10). microns (PM-10). 运输达标规程序应用於运输达标规程序应用於四项空气污染物四项空气污染物l l臭氧臭氧l l一氧化碳一氧化碳l l二氧化氮二氧化氮l l可吸入颗粒物可吸入颗粒物Interagency cons
23、ultation Interagency consultation Regional emissions analysisRegional emissions analysisProject level analysisProject level analysisFor TCMs that are included in an For TCMs that are included in an approved SIP, assurance of approved SIP, assurance of timely implementation of TCMs, timely implementa
24、tion of TCMs, Certain ISTEA, now TEA-21, Certain ISTEA, now TEA-21, planning requirements (e.g., planning requirements (e.g., fiscal constraint). fiscal constraint). The major requirements of the Transportation Conformity Process运输达标规划程序的主要内涵相关机构的协商程序相关机构的协商程序 区域排污量分析区域排污量分析 个别运输项目分析个别运输项目分析确保在州执行计画
25、内的交确保在州执行计画内的交通控制方法得以适时的实通控制方法得以适时的实施施联邦运输法案中对运输规联邦运输法案中对运输规划的要求划的要求 ( (如如财政限制财政限制) ) CAA Requirements美国洁净空气法案的要求 According to the CAA, According to the CAA, transportation plans, transportation plans, programs, and projects programs, and projects cannot:cannot:Create new NAAQS Create new NAAQS viol
26、ations; violations; Increase the frequency or Increase the frequency or severity of existing severity of existing NAAQS violations; or NAAQS violations; or Delay attainment of the Delay attainment of the NAAQS. NAAQS. 根据美国洁净空法案根据美国洁净空法案，运输规画运输规画、运输工作计运输工作计画以及个别项目不能画以及个别项目不能：产生新的空气质产生新的空气质量量标准标准违规违规；
27、增加现有违规的发生频增加现有违规的发生频率或是严重性率或是严重性；或是或是 延误达到国家空气质延误达到国家空气质量量标准标准。Transportation Conformity Requirements运输达标规划程序的要求每隔三年每隔三年，每一未达标准的地每一未达标准的地区必须展示其移动污染源的目区必须展示其移动污染源的目前及未来年的空气污染分析都前及未来年的空气污染分析都合乎州执行计画的污染预算合乎州执行计画的污染预算。空气污染分析必须使用环保署空气污染分析必须使用环保署的空气污染模式及最佳可得到的空气污染模式及最佳可得到的交通数据的交通数据( (车车辆行车辆行车里程里程，车速车速，车种混
28、合比例等车种混合比例等) )。任何地区不能展示能够合乎州任何地区不能展示能够合乎州执行计画的空气污染预算执行计画的空气污染预算，则则进入进入权利中止权利中止期期，同时大同时大部分该地区的联邦补助款也停部分该地区的联邦补助款也停止拨款止拨款。Every three years each Every three years each maintenance area must maintenance area must demonstrate demonstrate “CONFORMITY”“CONFORMITY” by showing that the mobile by showing tha
29、t the mobile sources meet the SIP budget for sources meet the SIP budget for the current and future analysis the current and future analysis yearsyearsThe analysis must use the EPA The analysis must use the EPA Emissions model and the best Emissions model and the best transportation data (VMTs, tran
30、sportation data (VMTs, speeds, vehicle mix, etc.) speeds, vehicle mix, etc.) availableavailableAn area not able to demonstrate An area not able to demonstrate conformity goes into “LAPSE” conformity goes into “LAPSE” and most federal money stopsand most federal money stops臭氧未达标分類State Implementation
31、 Plan (SIP)州空气质量改善执行计画Each (Nonattainment) Each (Nonattainment) maintenancemaintenance a area must develop a rea must develop a plan (SIP) detailing how they will plan (SIP) detailing how they will maintain good air qualitymaintain good air qualityl lI/M programI/M programl lReformulated gasReformul
32、ated gasl lVarious transportation related Various transportation related measuresmeasuresBased on VMT forecastsBased on VMT forecasts, The SIP , The SIP assigns allowable emission assigns allowable emission “budgets” (tons/day) for mobile “budgets” (tons/day) for mobile sources for future years (200
33、5, sources for future years (2005, 2007, etc)2007, etc)每一未达标的地区必须制定每一未达标的地区必须制定一份州空一份州空气气质量改善执行计质量改善执行计画，详细说明如何维持好的画，详细说明如何维持好的空空气气质量质量l l汽车检验维修计划汽车检验维修计划l l改良汽油改良汽油 l l各种交通控制方法各种交通控制方法根据车辆行车根据车辆行车里里程的预估程的预估，州空州空气气质量改善执行计画对质量改善执行计画对於未来年度指定从移动污染於未来年度指定从移动污染源可容许的排污预算源可容许的排污预算( (每日每日吨数吨数) )What Transpo
34、rtation Variables Impact Emissions ?那些交通变数影响排污量SpeedSpeedType of trip Type of trip l lR Roadway type (interstate oadway type (interstate travel, local road travel, travel, local road travel, etc.)etc.)l lL Length of tripength of tripl lN Number and duration of umber and duration of stopsstopsVehicle
35、 DataVehicle Datal lType and age of vehicle Type and age of vehicle (truck, car)(truck, car)l lBasic emissions rates Basic emissions rates describing the emissions describing the emissions characteristics of the characteristics of the vehicle fleetvehicle fleetl lA Anticipated control nticipated con
36、trol programsprogramsVMT by time of day and VMT by time of day and time of year (temperature is time of year (temperature is a big factor)a big factor)车速车速出行种类出行种类l l道路种类道路种类l l出行长度出行长度l l出行中暂停的次数和出行中暂停的次数和停留长度停留长度车辆车辆l l车辆种类及车龄车辆种类及车龄l l排污率排污率l l車輛排污控治系統車輛排污控治系統不同时间及季节的车不同时间及季节的车辆行车程辆行车程( (温度是一温度是一
37、个重要的因素个重要的因素) )Regional Air Quality Conformity Analysis TOOLS达标规划分析工具Transportation DatabasesTransportation DatabasesMethods to forecast travel Methods to forecast travel changes:changes:l lGrowthGrowthl lSensitivity to Transportation Sensitivity to Transportation Plan actionsPlan actionsMethods to
38、estimate VMT Methods to estimate VMT and speed changesand speed changesl lTravel modelsTravel modelsl lOther techniquesOther techniquesMethods to estimate emission Methods to estimate emission factorsfactorsl lAdaptation of the MOBILE Adaptation of the MOBILE softwaresoftware交通數據庫交通數據庫預估交通改變的方法預估交通改
39、變的方法: :l l成長成長l l對運輸規畫中所列未對運輸規畫中所列未來改善計畫的敏感度來改善計畫的敏感度分析分析估計行車里程及車速估計行車里程及車速改變的方法改變的方法l l交通需求模型交通需求模型l l其它方法其它方法估計汽車排污量的方估計汽車排污量的方法法l lMOBILEMOBILE軟件軟件Project Level Transportation Conformity Criteria个别运输项目达标规划程序用最近的规画假设用最近的规画假设用最新的汽车排污模式用最新的汽车排污模式相关机构的协商相关机构的协商交通控制方法交通控制方法目前已達標的運輸規畫目前已達標的運輸規畫及整体項目投資計
40、劃及整体項目投資計劃一氧化碳及可吸入颗粒一氧化碳及可吸入颗粒物的物的熱點熱點分析分析可吸入颗粒物可吸入颗粒物控制方法控制方法排污排污預算及降低預算及降低Latest planning Latest planning assumptionsassumptionsLatest emissions model Latest emissions model Interagency ConsultationInteragency ConsultationTCMsTCMsCurrently conforming Currently conforming plan/TIPplan/TIPCO and PM-
41、10 hot spots CO and PM-10 hot spots PM-10 control measures PM-10 control measures Emissions budget or Emissions budget or emissions reductionemissions reductionWhat Do We Learned ?目标导向的战略思考目标导向的战略思考: :运输达标规划程序可以运输达标规划程序可以达到在解决交通拥挤的达到在解决交通拥挤的同时同时，确保改善空气污确保改善空气污染的双赢目标染的双赢目标。另外还可以得到一个非另外还可以得到一个非常重要的副产品
42、常重要的副产品： 一套可以促进有效使用一套可以促进有效使用资源的系统评估程序资源的系统评估程序 。Goal-oriented Strategic Goal-oriented Strategic ThinkingThinking: :Transportation conformity could Transportation conformity could achieve the improvement of achieve the improvement of transportation problems, while transportation problems, while ensu
43、re the transportation ensure the transportation activities activities do not worsen air do not worsen air quality.quality. A win-win solution to . A win-win solution to both transportation and air both transportation and air quality problems.quality problems.Could get an system evaluation Could get an system evaluation process to improve the process to improve the resources utilization.resources utilization.
