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1、Topic8第八讲Projectmanagement项目管理Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Project management项目管理项目管理n nWhy do projects succeed?项目为甚么会成功？n nWhy do projects fail?项目为甚么会失败？Objectives 目标目标n nBetter skills in managing projectsBetter skills in managing projects提高项目管理技巧提
2、高项目管理技巧n nDevelop realistic timelines Develop realistic timelines 建立实际时间表建立实际时间表n nManage expectations Manage expectations 管理期望管理期望n nAvoid problems with mismanaged projectsAvoid problems with mismanaged projects避免因项目管理不当而产生问题避免因项目管理不当而产生问题n nBetter delegation of responsibilitiesBetter delegation of
3、 responsibilities更有效地授予责任更有效地授予责任Project characteristics项目特式项目特式n nTask of finite duration有限时间内的任务Not a permanent activityNot a permanent activity并非永久的活动并非永久的活动n nProduces a new product, service or other result制造一个新的产品，一项新的服务或其它成果Project management项目管理项目管理n nApplies structured techniques to facilita
4、te a more efficient approach to planning an executing a project运用建构技巧以助采取更有效的方法去计划和执行项目n nApplies organizational structure运用组织架构n nA more analytic approach更着重分析的方法Organizational structure组织架构组织架构n nProject leader the person responsible for the overall planning execution of the project项目领导 负责整体计划执行项目
5、的人n nProject team Other individuals assigned to work on the project项目组 其它获分派项目工作的成员Project Plan项目计划项目计划n nA document that guides the execution of the project. A document that guides the execution of the project. 执行项目的指引文件执行项目的指引文件n nApproved by stakeholders or persons in authorityApproved by stakeho
6、lders or persons in authority由相关利益者或当权者批核由相关利益者或当权者批核 n nStates the desired outcomes, assumptionsStates the desired outcomes, assumptions由此项目希望得到的结果、假设由此项目希望得到的结果、假设n nGeneral timeline or scheduleGeneral timeline or schedule一般时间表或进度表一般时间表或进度表n nVaries in detail according to the complexity of the Var
7、ies in detail according to the complexity of the projectproject因项目的复杂程度而有所不同因项目的复杂程度而有所不同Stakeholders相关利益者相关利益者 n nIndividuals or organizations with a direct Individuals or organizations with a direct interest in the outcome of the projectinterest in the outcome of the project与项目结果有直接利益的个人或机构与项目结果有直
8、接利益的个人或机构n nMay or may not have authority in how the May or may not have authority in how the project is carried outproject is carried out可能有或没有权力影响项目如何进行可能有或没有权力影响项目如何进行n nSource of important information about the Source of important information about the potential impact of the projectpotential im
9、pact of the project关于项目潜在影响的重要资料来源关于项目潜在影响的重要资料来源Champion项目负责人项目负责人n nAn individual with a vested interest in the An individual with a vested interest in the projectproject项目的既得利益者项目的既得利益者n nMay be the person who initiates the projectMay be the person who initiates the project可能是倡议项目者可能是倡议项目者n nMay
10、have high-level oversightMay have high-level oversight可有高层次的监督权限可有高层次的监督权限n nMay be the project leaderMay be the project leader可能是项目领导可能是项目领导Customer顾客顾客n nThe persons or group that benefits from the outcome of the project受益于项目结果的个人或圑體Project Management Fundamentals 项目管理的基础项目管理的基础n nPlanning time on
11、 the font end yields benefits Planning time on the font end yields benefits throughout the course of the projectthroughout the course of the project事前的时间策划可为整个项目过程带来好处事前的时间策划可为整个项目过程带来好处 Avoids delays Avoids delays 避免延误避免延误 Reduces overall effort Reduces overall effort 降低整体付出降低整体付出 Increases probabi
12、lity of on-time deliveryIncreases probability of on-time delivery增加按时交付的机会增加按时交付的机会n nInvolve customers from the inception of the projectInvolve customers from the inception of the project从项目开始起容入顾客的参与从项目开始起容入顾客的参与n nIterative planning: be flexible enough to make Iterative planning: be flexible enou
13、gh to make adjustments and mid-course correctionsadjustments and mid-course corrections互动计划：足够的弹性以作调整及中期修正互动计划：足够的弹性以作调整及中期修正Avoid Scope Creep避免范围扩大避免范围扩大n nDevelop a clear idea of the parameters of the project 订立清晰的项目范围n nAvoid the temptation to add new components or expand the tasks 避免尝试加进新的成分或扩展任
14、务范围n nBe clear about what tasks are beyond the scope of the project清楚知道甚么任务超越了项目的范围Stages of a managed project管理得当项目的各阶段管理得当项目的各阶段n nStart-up: Analysis and planning Start-up: Analysis and planning 创办：分析和规划创办：分析和规划 Determine requirements Determine requirements 确定要求确定要求 Create project plan Create proj
15、ect plan 创立项目计划创立项目计划n nExecution Execution 实施实施 Carry out plan Carry out plan 执行计划执行计划 Track progress Track progress 追赶进度追赶进度 Address changes Address changes 处理转变处理转变n nClose-down Close-down 完成完成 Completion of tasks Completion of tasks 完成任务完成任务 Transfer control Transfer control 移交管理权移交管理权 Final doc
16、umentation Final documentation 最终文档最终文档 Disband project team Disband project team 解散项目组解散项目组Project Plan components项目计划的组成部份项目计划的组成部份n nScope 范围n nTeam Collaboration圑队合作n nSchedule进度表n nCommunications沟通Scope Management范围管理范围管理n nDefine the outcomes Define the outcomes 确定结果确定结果n nStructure and subdiv
17、ide the project into smaller Structure and subdivide the project into smaller manageable tasks manageable tasks 把项目组织或细分成较小的可管理的把项目组织或细分成较小的可管理的任务任务n nArticulate project requirements Articulate project requirements 清晰列明项目要求清晰列明项目要求n nDevelop a project summary statement Develop a project summary stat
18、ement 设立项目概要设立项目概要n nIdentify issues that need to be addressed during the Identify issues that need to be addressed during the course of the project course of the project 确定项目过程中需要处理的问题确定项目过程中需要处理的问题 Question, problems, obstacles Question, problems, obstacles 问题，难题，障碍问题，难题，障碍Vetting of the Project a
19、ctivities 检查项目活动检查项目活动n nInterview stakeholders and champion to gather Interview stakeholders and champion to gather input and solicit suggestionsinput and solicit suggestions采访项目的相关利益者及主管以便收集建议及征求采访项目的相关利益者及主管以便收集建议及征求意见意见n nIdentify sensitive issues Identify sensitive issues 找出敏感的议题找出敏感的议题n nDevel
20、op interview questions in advance but ask Develop interview questions in advance but ask open-ended questions and invite any relevant open-ended questions and invite any relevant informationinformation事先订立采访问题，但作开放性提问并邀请受访者事先订立采访问题，但作开放性提问并邀请受访者提供相关数据提供相关数据 n nBroad consultation improves likelihood
21、of successBroad consultation improves likelihood of success广泛的咨询可增加成功的机会广泛的咨询可增加成功的机会Developing Project Requirements 订立项目要求订立项目要求n nRelevant background and history Relevant background and history 相关背景和历史相关背景和历史n nDefine deliverables Define deliverables 设定项目成果设定项目成果n nIdentify schedule and timing req
22、uirementsIdentify schedule and timing requirements确定进度和时间上的要求确定进度和时间上的要求n nCreate communications strategy Create communications strategy 设立沟通策略设立沟通策略 Ensure all stakeholders, champions, and Ensure all stakeholders, champions, and participants receive the appropriate level and participants receive th
23、e appropriate level and frequency of information frequency of information 确保所有相关利益者、确保所有相关利益者、主管、和参与者收到适当层次的及频密的信息主管、和参与者收到适当层次的及频密的信息Project summary statement項目概要項目概要n nProject name Project name 项目名称项目名称n nDescription Description 项目描述项目描述n nStakeholders Stakeholders 相关利益者相关利益者n nProject need: Artic
24、ulate the problem being addressed Project need: Articulate the problem being addressed 项目需求：清晰列明需处理的问题项目需求：清晰列明需处理的问题n nDeliverables: Define the specific desired Deliverables: Define the specific desired accomplishments, products, servicesaccomplishments, products, services项目成果：订立特定的欲达成的成就、产品、服务项目成果
25、：订立特定的欲达成的成就、产品、服务n nRequirements Requirements 需求需求n nSuccess factors Success factors 成功因素成功因素n nInitial schedule and target dates Initial schedule and target dates 初步计划及目标日期初步计划及目标日期Team Collaboration and organization 团队合作及组织团队合作及组织n nIdentify roles and responsibilities Identify roles and responsib
26、ilities 确定角色和责任确定角色和责任n nDetermine how the team will communicate and Determine how the team will communicate and share information share information 决定团队如何沟通及分享信息决定团队如何沟通及分享信息 E-mail wiki collaborative toolsE-mail wiki collaborative tools电邮电邮 维基维基 协作工具协作工具n nExternal reporting relationships External
27、 reporting relationships 对外联系方式对外联系方式n nIdentify resources needed Identify resources needed 找出需要的资源找出需要的资源n nMeeting schedule Meeting schedule 会议时间表会议时间表Schedule management进度管理进度管理n nDefine tasks Define tasks 明确任务明确任务n nPrioritize tasks and determine prerequisitesPrioritize tasks and determine prere
28、quisites排列任务优先次序和决定必要条件排列任务优先次序和决定必要条件 n nAssign start and stop dates to each taskAssign start and stop dates to each task定出每项任务的开始和完成日期定出每项任务的开始和完成日期n nDelegate team members to each taskDelegate team members to each task分派组员予各项任务分派组员予各项任务n nAnalyze volume of effort relative to each sub-task Analyze
29、 volume of effort relative to each sub-task and overall project timelineand overall project timeline分析每项子任务的工作量及整体项目时间线分析每项子任务的工作量及整体项目时间线n nAvoid unrealistic estimates of timeframesAvoid unrealistic estimates of timeframes避免不现实地估计时间范围避免不现实地估计时间范围Tools for Managing Scheduling 进度管理工具进度管理工具n nMicrosof
30、t Project 微软项目管理软件n nGantt Charts 甘特图 n nPERT Charts 计划评核术图 n nExcel spreadsheets 电子表格n nMicrosoft Visio 建立流程图、组织图、时间表等的软件 Focus on communications集中注意力于沟通方面集中注意力于沟通方面n nExternal vs Internal External vs Internal 对外与对内对外与对内n nWithin the project team Within the project team 项目组内项目组内n nRegular updates t
31、o stakeholders, Regular updates to stakeholders, champions, and managers champions, and managers 定期给予利定期给予利益相关者、项目主管、及经理最新的信息益相关者、项目主管、及经理最新的信息n nDevelop and distribute adequate Develop and distribute adequate documentation documentation 建立和传阅足够的文件建立和传阅足够的文件Changes and corrections改变与修正改变与修正n nNegoti
32、ate any changes requested to the project Negotiate any changes requested to the project requirements requirements 商谈对项目要求提出的改变商谈对项目要求提出的改变n nChanges that involve a possible extension of the Changes that involve a possible extension of the project should be well-vetted and approved by project should
33、be well-vetted and approved by everyone with an interest in the projecteveryone with an interest in the project可能引致项目延展的改变，应由所有与项目有利益关可能引致项目延展的改变，应由所有与项目有利益关系的人仔细审批系的人仔细审批n nAdditional resources Additional resources 额外资源额外资源n nPossible trade-off of activities Possible trade-off of activities 可能的交易活动
34、可能的交易活动Project Close-down项目完成项目完成n nValidate the successful completion of the projectValidate the successful completion of the project确证项目已成功地完成确证项目已成功地完成n nDistribute any required documentationDistribute any required documentation传阅任何必须的文件传阅任何必须的文件n nTransfer from project team to any persons or Tra
35、nsfer from project team to any persons or groups that will be responsible for maintenancegroups that will be responsible for maintenance由项目组调配人员或小组负责维修保养工作由项目组调配人员或小组负责维修保养工作n nDocument any outstanding issues or problemsDocument any outstanding issues or problems记录所有未解决的议题或问题记录所有未解决的议题或问题n nCommunic
36、ate any recommended next steps or Communicate any recommended next steps or follow-up that may be neededfollow-up that may be needed传达有关下一步的建议或作需要的跟进传达有关下一步的建议或作需要的跟进Group Exercise 小组研习小组研习n nIn reviewing the projects that your library has In reviewing the projects that your library has undertaken i
37、n the last two years, describe one that undertaken in the last two years, describe one that might have been more successful had the library might have been more successful had the library followed a more structured approach with formal followed a more structured approach with formal project manageme
38、nt methodologies? Describe project management methodologies? Describe specific measures that you would have done specific measures that you would have done differently if you were approaching the same task differently if you were approaching the same task today.today.重温一下贵馆过往两年展开过的项目，描述一个若图重温一下贵馆过往两年展开过的项目，描述一个若图书馆用正常项目管理的方法更有效地组织而可能会更书馆用正常项目管理的方法更有效地组织而可能会更加成功的项目。说出一些若你今天要执行同样的任务加成功的项目。说出一些若你今天要执行同样的任务时，你会用到的不同的特别方法。时，你会用到的不同的特别方法。
