2022年初三英语总复习精品讲义.

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1、优秀学习资料欢迎下载初三英语总复习精品讲义八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法. 现以冠词为例：1.John was given _ orange bag for his birthday but _ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the 2.Theres _ old tree near _ house. A.a,

2、an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a 3.There is _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the 4._ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a 5._ bad weather!I hope it wont last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a 6._ they are listening to the teacher! A.How careful B.What c

3、areful C.How carefully D.What carefully 由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、 动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等，无一不在考查之列。所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例：A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of

4、money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅馆 )in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant( 餐馆 )of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服务员 )(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he h

5、ad a (6)!The farmer had tied( 系 )his table cloth round his (7). The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(声音 ),Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut? 1.A.lent B.ma

6、de C.paid D.gave 2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because 3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought 5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise 7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told 9.A.cant B.dont C.wont D.mustnt 10.A.friendly

7、B.tired C.sad D.ter 要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做， 那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项” 。所谓词感，“the sense of word 是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。 词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合，它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三

8、个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等，进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载词汇（一）这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a 1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名

9、词后加s，如： dog-dogs。(2)以 s、x、ch、 sh 结尾的名词加es，如： watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变y 为 i 加 es，如： country-countries 。请区别：如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词，则只须加s。如： monkey-monkeys 。(4)以 o 结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆 )，tomato(西红柿 )加 es 构成复数。(5)以 f、 fe 结尾的名词，变f、 fe 为 v 再加 es， 如： knife-knives 。2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep ，fish-fish Chinese-C

10、hinese， Japanese-Japanese 3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth ，foot-feeth (2)man-men，woman-women ，policeman-policemen,Frenchman-Frenchmen 请区别： German(德国人 )Germans (3)child children 4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服 )，trousers(裤子 ) glasses(眼镜 ) ,这些名词作主语时， 同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than you

11、rs. 5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如： news(消息 )，maths(数学 )，physics(物理 ) No news is good news. 6.可用 how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any 等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife) 不可数名词：1. 常 见 的 不 可 数 名 词 有 ： water ， rice ， fish ， meat ， 等 。 应 特 别 记medicine,news,wo

12、rk,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood. 2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread_over there.(be) 3.常用 how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用 a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread 仍为不可数名词，不加s，而 piece 则可加 s。即： twopiecesof bread 请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three

13、boxes of apples 例：1、These two pieces of bread _over there.(be) 2、Could I have three _,please？A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads 名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“s” 。如： TomToms 译为“的” ，若遇上以s 结尾的复数名词，则在s 后加“”即可。如： TeachersDay , twoweeksholiday ，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如： Childr

14、ens Day 关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如： my aunts 我姑姑家。go to the doctors 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s 如： Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组： a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩a friend of mine 我的一个朋友eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A 、 Kate,my B.Kates,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kates,my 二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分， 所以同学们有必要掌握其

15、基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the 2.不定冠词an 常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour,an English car. 请区别： a useful 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载machine 3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the 4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如： the sun,the moon,the earth 5.定冠词 the 用于序数词前， 表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first,t

16、he best ,in the south 6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数。如： The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如： in the box ,behind the chair 8.特别注意不能用定冠词the 的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August 请区别： in the spring of 1945. ( 这里表示特指，故加the) (2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如： have br

17、eakfast ,play football (3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night. 9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面in the hospital 在医院里in the front of 在范围内的前部in hospital ( 生病 )住院练习 :Theres _800-metre-long road behind _hospital. A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the 三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟

18、点表达法。对数词的考查， 中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：1,2,3 特殊记，加th 从 4 起 (first,second,third,fourth) 8 少 t， 9 去 e，千万别忘记(eighth,ninth) 逢 5 逢 12，ve 变 f (fifth,twelfth) 20 到 90，y 要变 ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是几十几，前基后序别倒位(ninety-first) 2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。如： five hund

19、red people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。练习 :Henry has learned eight _ French words this year. A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of The _lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty) 另外，同学们还应掌握与

20、数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法 (钟点分钟 ) 如： 4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒读法 (分钟 topast钟点 ) 如： 4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past four a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five a quarter to five 练习题: 1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century,the worlds population was about 1700 million.

21、2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes. 3.You dont look well.Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once. 4.Would you give me_,please? A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers 5.There are three_and seven_in the picture. A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monki

22、es,sheeps 6.A lot of_are talking with two_. A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载7.June 1 is _. A.the Childrens Day B.the Childrens Day C.Childrens Day D.Childrens Day 8._people went out to

23、 see what had happened. A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands 9.We have been in the school for_. A.three and a half month B.three and a half months C.three month and a half D.three months and half 10._English is_ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, / 11.John w

24、as given _ orange bag for his birthday but _ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the 12.Theres _ old tree near _ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a 13.There is _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the 四. 代词人称代词 : 主格 : 单数 I 、 you 、he 、she 、it 复数we 、 yo

25、u 、they 宾格 : 单数 me 、you 、him 、her 、it 复数 us 、you 、 them 物主代词 : 形容词性my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their 名词性mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs 反身代词 : myself 、 yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves 1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一

26、个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如： These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里 ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里 ours=our room) 3.of+ 名词性物主代词表示所属如： a sister of his 他的一个妹妹a friend of mine 我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如： You, she and I all enjoy the music. 5.关于反身代

27、词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time ( 过得很愉快 ) by oneself=alone ( 单独、独自 ) help oneself to (随便吃 /喝 些.) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学 ) 练习题1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think. A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them 2. Nobody taught_English. He taught_. A.him, himself B.his, himsel

28、f C.him, by himself D.his, his （二）修饰可数名词many few 表否定意义a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词much little 表否定意义a little 表肯定意义few 和little 与quite 或only 连用时，常加不定冠词a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.= 用 little, a little, few, a few填空 : 1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here. 2.Jim,dont go and get

29、 some water. There is _ water in the glass. 3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well. 4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday. （三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing. 当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。如： something new 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料

30、欢迎下载Theres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important (四)另外，还要注意代词some, every, all, both, either, another 1.some（一些，某）一般用于肯定句中注：some 有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask

31、 some questions? Could I have some apples? 2.every单数名词“每一个”强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。each “每一个”强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of 连用。如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games. 3.all “ (全部 )都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of 如：W

32、e are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs. （单、复数均可）4.both “ （两者）都”,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either “两者中任何一个”,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither “(两者 )都不” ,含有否定意义，用法同either。如： They both swim well. Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the str

33、eet. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next week. Neither answer is right. 5. another +单数名词 , “另一个”one the other “一个，另一个”the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （ 指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “ 别人”(五)疑问代词5 个“ wh” , 即 who, whose, whom, what, which 这里， which 是同学们不易掌握

34、的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用 which. 例如 : I like the red shirt. _ _ do you like ? 练习 :一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整6Can you come with us ?(we)7These skirts are hers . Yours are over there.(she)8Please take care of yourselves , boys and girls.(you)9I dont think this is my frisby, though it looks like mine

35、 .(I) 10Look at those books. Are they yours?(that) 11Is there anything interesting in the newspaper? 12She asked us to help each other. 13The old man can neither read nor write. 14Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 15Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.16、A: The children played

36、happily in the zoo yesterday.B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载17、A: He doesnt like mutton, and she doesnt, either.B: Neither he nor she likes mutton. 18、A: All the American people dont like sandwiches.B: Not a

37、ll the American people like sandwiches. 19、A: They dont often hear the twins sing the song in the school.B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the song in the school.ZK) (C)20 、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .A. little B. few C. a little D. a few (A)21 、-Do you like Janes new

38、skirt?-Yes, very much. Ill ask mum to buy for me.A. one B. it C. the other D. a (B)22 、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.A. one B. that C. it D. this (B)23 、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.A. the others B. others C. the

39、 other D. other (A)24 、-Ill give the boys to eat.-Oh, I know, fish and chips.A. something English B. English somethingC. anything English D. English anything (D)25 、-Shall I help you with the heavy box?-No, thanks, I can do it .A. me B. my C. mine D. myself (D)26 、-What time shall we meet this after

40、noon,3:00 or 4:00?-I dont mind. time is OK.A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either (C)27 、-My bag is full, what about ?- is full, too.A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She (D)28 、-Ive had enough bread, Would you like ?-No, thanks.A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more (A)2

41、9 、There are many trees on sides of the river.A. both B. either C. neither D. each (A)1 、He has two bikes, one is new, is old. A. the other B. other C. the others D. others (C)2 、Without the sun, could grow in the world.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything (B)3 、 of them is going to pla

42、y basketball with you this afternoon.A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both (B)4 、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like? -Look! This is a picture of .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载A. it B. one C. two D. some (B)5 、There are not many pears here, but you can take if

43、you want to.A. few B. a few C. a little D. little 二、形容词副词大多数的形容词、 副词都有三个等级：原级： 比较级：比较.，更.一些最高级：最. （A）1.构成： (规则情况 )情况变 化 方 法 例 词单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况加 er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母 e 结尾加 r, st nice-nicer-nicest 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加 er, est big-bigger-biggest 以辅音字母加y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 er, est early-earl

44、ier-earliest 部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly 2. 不 规 则 变 化 ， 须 熟 记 ：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least (B) 常见的使用情况1.as as 和.一样（中间用原级）2.not as(so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级）3 than . .比.（用比较级）4.有范围修饰的用最高级如:in, of, amon

45、g 或用从句修饰的eg.Winter is the coldest season of the year. This is the best film that I have ever seen . 5.比较级 +and+比较级意为“越来越.eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 6. The+比较级， the+比较级越 .就越 . eg:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意点： 1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用 much, a little, even, still 等修饰比较级。3.

46、在比较级中为了避免重复，在 than 后常用 one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. (D)掌握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class. 2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isnt as interesting as that one

47、. =That film is more interesting than this one. 3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and 此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough 属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+

48、名词例如 ;She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也 too 用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样such 修饰名词eg: such a big box so 修饰形容词、副词eg: so big 单独、独自alone 作表语=by oneself 孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg:A group of gir

49、ls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy) 练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill. A.Others B. Other C. Another D.The other 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载2.There isnt _ in todays newspaper

50、. A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important 3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sisters? -No,Mum. Its not _. Its _. A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D.hers, mine 4.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world. A.long B.longer C.longest

51、D.the longest 5. An elephant is _ than a horse. A.more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong 6. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D. Best 一、介词1与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of （怕）be angry with （生某人的气）be away from （不在某地）be different from （与不同）be good a

52、t （善于）be good/ bad for (对有益 /有害 ) be interested in （对感兴趣）be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好准备）be sure of (对有把握 ) be worried about （为感到担忧）2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing 形式1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well. 3几组易混淆的介词A “在 .之后”in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点

53、时间（常用于一般将来时）如： The baby stopped crying after half an hour. The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday. B for + 一段时间since +过去的一点时间这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。C be made of 用制成 be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”D in, on, at 表时间in “在某月 (季节、年 )等”eg

54、:in 1996, in January, in summer 固定词组： in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end on 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等 eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组： at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the

55、 year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有： next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday 和 the day after tomorrow 前不用介词。 如:不能说in tomorrow , 只能说tomorrow 在明天E. except +宾格 /doing something 除之外”（不包括本身）Everyo

56、ne is at school today except Lin Tao. ( 同义句转换 ) =Only Lin Tao isnt at school today. F “用”通过交通工具by plane 用语言in English 通过媒介on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV 用工具手段with a pen, with ones hands G between “在 和（两者）之间”between.and., between the two. among 在.之间 (三者或三者以上) eg.Sue spent over two

57、hours _ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over 二、连词1并列连词both and 既又谓语用复数动词neithernor 既不 也不 含否定意义， （就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。eitheror“或者或者”“不是就是”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载and“和”连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时 ,两个动词时态应一致。but “但是”表转折，不能与though 同时出现在句中。or “或者”在否定

58、句中，并列句中的列举常用or，而不用and。Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否) I dont have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters. 2引导宾语从句的连词陈述句： that 可省略一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词3引导原因状从的有：because (不能与 so 同时出现在句中) 4引导时间状语从句的连词：A. when （当时候） ，as soon as （一就） ，notuntil（直到才） ， after（在之后），引导的主从复合句，

59、主句为一般将来时， 从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。Eg: I wont leave until he comes back. B. since（自从以来） 引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Eg：We havent met each other since she left here last year. C. while （当时候，一边一边）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework. 5引导条件状语从句的连词：if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现

60、在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定eg:1)I dont know if it (rain) tomorrow. 2)If it _ (rain) tomorrow, I _ (not climb) the hills. 3)Joan and Mary havent seen each other_they left school five years ago. A.as B.before C.after D.since 三、构词法构词有法记无定法一、利用构词法记忆：1合成法： notebooknotebook， schoolyardschoolya

61、rd，book markbookmark 2派生法（即在词根上加前、后缀记忆）：en（使有）courageencourage；inter（ one with another ；face to face） viewinterview ；foreign er（人） foreigner，player（执行动作的人）player，sharpener（执行动作的物）sharpener；library （ yi）an（人） librarian； miss（v ） ingmissing（adj ） ，probable（adj ）（l）yprobably（adv ） ，sad （adj ）lysadly （a

62、dv ） ；compose （v ）（ ei）tioncomposition（n ） ，inform（v ）（a）tioninformation（n ）3转化法：know（v ） knowledge（n ）二、意义关联帮你记忆：dictionary words，umbrellarain，library bookshelf，kitchencook 三、英英解释，温故知新：abroadin or to another country ， overseas ； interview meeting with sb 说说记忆单词的方法词是构成句子的重要元素，词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位。今天我们

63、讲讲怎样记忆单词。一、把单词放入句子中，在一定的语言环境中记忆单词。如果一旦忘记词义，就回忆它所在的句子。 很多成绩较好的同学都有一个体会，抓住对句子的理解和背诵这样一个关键，记忆单词一般来说是毫不费力的。二、将单词按归类的方法进行记忆。把同义词归成一类，如learn study，betweenamong；反义词归成一类，如left right ，high low，strong weak；或根据含义和用途把同一类型的词归成一类，如交通工具类：car，bus，ship，plane，truck，学科类：maths，science，art，geography，频度副词类：always， usuall

64、y，often， sometimes，never，等等。这样当遇到其中一个词时，头脑中出现的就是一组词，这样记忆单词的效率就会大大提高。同时， 还可以掌握词与词之间的区别和各自特殊的用法，将平时极易混淆的单词清楚地区别开来。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载三、利用构词法记忆单词。比如happy（幸福的），加前缀 “un”成为unhappy（不幸福的） ，改“ y”为“ i”加后缀“ ness”则变成了名词：happiness （幸福）； “pea （豌豆）”与“nut（坚果） ”可合成为“ p

65、eanut（花生）” ；when（何时） ever（在任何时候）whenever（无论什么时候）等等。四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词，即应及时在第二天、第三天甚至以后再读第一天记忆的单词， 定期作阶级性的复习，同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复，重复也是记忆的一种好方法。五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对， 那么就可根据其读音基本拼写出该单词。首先这要掌握一定的拼读规则。比如“dirty ” ，根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir ty（在非重读音节中发 i ） 。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效，如“con

66、tribution ” ，根据音标我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：contribution，这样就能较快地记住单词。以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一定要留心观察，寻找词与词之间的关系，这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之，只要我们掌握一些科学的方法，并用心去记忆，就一定能记住英语单词。合成形容词英语中有许多种形式的合成形容词，仅在初中阶段需要学习使用的就达九种。现分述如下：1数词单数名词。如： 20minute 20 分钟的Its 20minute walk步行 20 分钟的路程。secondclass 二等的Thats the secondclass room那是个二

67、等房间。500word 五百字的This is a 500 word composition 这是一篇五百字的文章。2数词单数名词形容词。如：8yearold 八岁的Mr Green has an 8yearold child 格林先生有个八岁的孩子。3数词名词的ed 形式。如： threelegged 三条腿的Tom bought a three legged table yesterday昨天汤姆买了一张三条腿的桌子。4形容词名词。如：roundtrip 来回的；往返的Do you need a round trip ticket 你想要一张往返的车票吗？parttime 非全部工作时间的

68、；兼职的He found a parttime job 他找到了一份额外的工作。5形容词名词的ed 形式。如： kindhearted 好心的Father Christmas is very kind hearted圣诞老人的心肠非常好。6名词过去分词。如：manmade人造的China has sent up many manmade satellites 中国已发射了许多人造卫星。7名词名词的ed 形式。如： glasstopped 带有玻璃罩的I want to own a glasstopped table我想要一张带有玻璃罩的桌子。8副词过去分词。如：socalled 所谓的I do

69、nt like those socalled singers我不喜欢那些所谓的歌星。9副词副词。如： soso 马马虎虎；不好不坏的My English is just so so我的英语很一般。 Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a _. (foreign) 前缀例词派生词un-“不”happy unhappy like unlike usual unusual friendly unfriendly im- “不”possible impossible 后缀例词派生词-er“人”teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner dr

70、ive driver （以 e结尾， -r）run runner（重读闭音节，双写-er) win winner travel traveller -or“人”invent inventor visit visitor 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载-ly （副词后缀）bad badly quick quickly careful carefully happy happily deep deeply lucky luckily usual usually noisy noisily sl

71、ow slowly angry angrily strong strongly quiet quietly 特例：true - truly terrible - terribly possible - possibly -ful （形容词后缀）care careful help helpful use useful forget forgetful -y （形容词后缀）rain rainy luck lucky cloud cloudy noise noisy（以 e结尾，去e，加 -y）snow snowy sun sunny （双写，加 -y）wind windy -ion（名词后缀）in

72、vent invention operate operation -ness（名词后缀）busy business good goodness 一些特例：动词形容词动词现在分词转化为名词sleep asleep boat boating die dead build building enjoy enjoyable begin beginning cross crossing 名词形容词meet meeting friend friendly turn turning south southern shop shopping wool woolen danger dangerous 动词过去分

73、词转为形容词difference different fry fried worry worried 动词名词break broken know knowledge lose lost fly flight please pleased please pleasure colour coloured 名词名词动词现在分词、过去分词转为形容词farm farmer 农夫follow following interest interested“感兴趣的”只作表语，仅用于 be interested in develop interesting “有趣的”可作表语和定语developed “发达的”

74、developing “发展中的”练习题1、Lucy can write a letter_Japanese though she has learned it only a few months. A. from B. to C. in D. with 2、 They will have an English test_two days. A. for B. at C. in D. after 3、Wu Dong was born_the evening of April 2,1975. A. at B. in C. on D. to 4、 I haven t heard _ her _ s

75、he left home. A. from, since B. from, after C. of, when D. of , as 5、 Tom didnt know_Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow. A. how B. weather C. whether D. what 6、 His parents were _ (happy) because he had failed the exam again. 7、 Mrs. Green liked to stay _ (safe) at the same place. 8、 The_ (visit)

76、 from France are going to visit our school this afternoon. 思考题1、The farmer was_tired_he couldnt fall asleep. A . very to B. too to C. so that D.neither nor 2、 Work hard, _you wont catch up with the others. A. but B. and C. if D. or 3、 The game is very _ and shes _ in it. A. interesting, interesting

77、B. interested, interested C. interested, interesting D. interesting, interested 重要的短语、句型和惯用法（一）1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下车get up 起床get ready for 为.作准备get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服get well (better) 身体好get in 进入，收集get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 为某人买某物get on well with sb/sth. 与某人相处很好，.进展顺利2. have an accident

78、出事故have a good time =enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴have a cold wet day 天气又冷又湿have a cough 咳嗽have a drink(of). 喝一杯 . 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载have a talk 听报告have lunch 吃午饭have.for lunch 午饭吃 . have a meeting 开会 have no idea 不知道have a rest 休息一下3. make a mistake 犯错误mistak

79、e A for B 把 A 错认为 B take sth. by mistake 错拿某物4. make friends with 与.交朋友make faces 做鬼脸 make a fire 生火make an excuse 找籍口make a.sound 发.音make tea 沏茶make room for. 为.找出空间make it 如期赴约make a team 组成一个队eg.Lets make it half past one. 注意：时间前不用介词at 5. turn sth. on/off 打开 /关掉 . turn sth. up/down 把.音量开大 /小注意：当s

80、th 是代词时，常放中间6. try sth. on 试穿（衣、鞋、帽）注意：当sth 为 it 或 them, 常放中间try out 试验、尝试try ones best to do sth. 尽力干某事 =do ones best to do sth. 7. send sb. away 开除、解雇某人send for sb. 派人去请某人send up 发射8. hear from sb 收到 .的来信hear of 听说9. hurry off 匆匆离去，赶快去hurry up 赶快10. get to +名词 get +副词 (不用 to) reach+名词 /副词arrive in

81、/at + 大/小地点（后接副词，不用 at/in）eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai 到达上海eg. reach home、 get home、arrive home 到家11. teach sb. English 教某人英语teach oneself=learn sth.by oneself 自学12.到.末为止by the end of + 过去时间（用于过去完成时）by the end of + 将来时间（用于一般将来时）at the end of+地点在.尽头in the end= at last 最后，终于1

82、3. hundreds of 成百上千thousands of 成千上万的millions of 成百万的14. be pleased to do sth 很高兴地干某事be pleased with sth. 为某事而高兴15. be used for 被用来be used as 被当作be used by 被.所使用16. so far 到目前为止，用于现在完成时17. on a Tuesday morning 一个星期二的早上on the morning of June 15th.1998 在 1998 年 6月 15 日早上18. keep sb.doing sth. 让某人一直干某事

83、keep doing sth. 继续做某事keep on doing sth. 持续不断地做某事19. much too+形容词副词原级实在太 . too much+不可数名词相当多的 . eg. Its _ expensive. I cant buy it. Theres _ rain this year. 20. thanks to.由于，多亏thanks to ones help=because of ones help 由于某人的帮忙thanks for ones help 谢谢某人的帮助21. be far away from a place/sb 远离某地22. wear out

84、穿坏、穿旧、用尽常用于被动语态。其P.P为 worn sell out 售完卖完23. two-month holiday=two months holiday 二个月的假期24. fall asleep 入睡（进入状态）get to sleep 入睡（还没睡着）25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事eg. She stopped the child from listening. stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事stop to do sth. 停止下来干另一件事。26. hardly any +n. 几乎没有 . 27. quite a/

85、an+形容词名词一个相当 .eg. Two months is quite a long time. a very 形容词 +名词 eg. English is a very useful language. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载28. be afraid of+ 名词害怕 . be afraid to+ 动词 担心、害怕 . be afraid that+从句恐怕 . 29. so+形容词so strong so beautiful such+形容词 +名词 (复数或不可数)

86、such beautiful pictures such nice smell such + a/an+形容词 +名词（单数）such an interesting story 30. feel like doing 想干某事31. be made/grown/produced 三个词的被动语态都可解释为“生产”归类 : 机器一类 make(制造 ) 盐.糖.丝绸 produce (经机器加工生产) 农作物、水果grow (人工种出来的) 32. finish doing sth. 做完某事be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事go on doing sth. 继续干某事be alw

87、ays doing 老是干某事33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事.hope that.希望某人干某事,不可用 hope sb.to do sth. 34. in surprise 惊奇地（作状语）be surprised at sb. 对某人的举动感到诧异be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶35. no space(room) to stand in 没有站的地方、空间36. be angry with sb. 生某人的气agree with sb. 同意某人的观点with ones help 在某人的帮助下选择题：1.They arrived _

88、London_ a cold winter night. A.at, in B.in, on C.at, on D.in, at 2.Its rather cold today.Youd better _ more clothes before you go out. A.put on B.wear C.to put on D.to wear 3.You must be very tired. Why not _ a rest? A.stop taking B.stop to take C.to stop taking D.to stop to take 4._, Ive caught up

89、with my classmates in my English studies. A.Under his help B.With his help C.Under the help of him D.With the help of him 5.Mother told me _ in the sun. A.not read B.dont read C.read not D.not to read 6.Watching TV _ is bad for your eyes. A.much too B.many too C.too much D.too many 7.Those foreign v

90、isitors _ our city the day before yesterday. A.arrived B.reached C.reached to D.got in 8.She asked me to help her _ her Chinese. A.at B.with C.for D.on 9.Look _ the words in the dictionary when you dont know _ they mean. A.up, what B.up, that C.for, that D.for, what 10.One after another, three of th

91、em _. A.fell asleep B.got to asleep C.went to asleep D.were sleeping 完成句子：1.你想不想喝杯桔子汁？Do you _ _drinking a glass of orange? 2.小杨毕业离校以来，我们从未收到他的来信。We have never _ _ Xiao Yang since he _ school for the last time. 3.人们兴建绿色长城是为了阻止风将土刮走。People started to build the Great Green Wall _ _ it could stop the w

92、ind from _ the earth away. 4.魏华把你错当成他的兄弟，是吗？Wei Hua _ you _ his brother,didnt she? 思考题：1.人造卫星能用来向国外发送电视和广播节目Man-made satellites can be _ for _ TV and radio programmes to foreign countries. 2.多亏有了绿色长城，现在他们种的棉花比以前多得多了。_ to the Great Green Wall, they can grow a lot _ cotton than before. 精选学习资料 - - - -

93、- - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载3.学生们相互交朋友，通常相处得很好。The students make friends _ one another and usually _ _ well. 4.店主说你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。The shopkeeper said the woolen sweaters _ your size were _. 重要的短语、句型和惯用法（二）1.There be 结构a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。eg.There are twenty girls

94、in our class.have 也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有” ，其主语为某人。eg.I have a nice watch. b.There be 结构中的be 动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。c.There is a river near our school. 否： There is not a river near our school. 问： Is there a river near our school. 回答： Yes, there is. No, there isnt. 划 How many rivers are there near

95、our school? Whats near our school? d.there be 结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there? There is going to _ a football match this afternoon. A.have B.watch C.be D.play They were sure that they were going to _ a rest. A.be B.have C.be on D.on 2.

96、so,neither 引导的倒装句,为了避免和前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so,neither 引导的倒装句。a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too. b.Neither+be( 助动词，情态动词)主语，表示某人也不。eg.Mother has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either. c.So主语 b

97、e(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同 ), 请同学们与a.区别。eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room. 3.Its+时间 +since 动词过去式。自从.起已有 .时间了。Its two weeks since we met last.( 自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了) How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了4.祈使句 +and (那么 ).eg.Go straight on and youll see

98、 a school.=If you go straight on, youll see a school. 5.祈使句 +or.否则 .eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the other 6. The+比较级 .，the+比较级 . 越.越. eg.The more, the better. 越多越好。 The harder you work on it, the better youll be at it.( 你越用功，你就越

99、好。) 7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？) 8.What.do with.? 怎样对付 .?怎样处理 .? 虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how. eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:Ive just returned it to the library. 9.I dont know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办？I dont know how to do. 10.What.be like?. 是什么样的

100、？eg.Whats the weather like? 天气如何？ Whats your school like? 你们学校是什么样的？11.What.for?为何目的？为什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab? 12.one of +最高级复数最.之一 eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers. 13.find it + 形容词 +to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我发

101、觉学好英语是很有用的) find + 宾语+名词 eg.I find him a good boy. ( 我发现他是个好男孩.) find + 宾语+形容词eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开 /关着 ) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载(我发现我们的包装满了礼物) 14.I dont think+ 肯定句我想 .不eg.I dont think Ill tak

102、e it. ( 我想我不买它了) 请注意 :中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。15.prefer A to B=like A better than B 更喜欢 A 不怎么喜欢B. eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken 16.had better do sth.最好干某事 .否定 :had better not do sth. 特别注意 :had better 后面跟 be 动词词组 ,不可漏掉be.eg.Youd better catch a train. Youd better not

103、talk in class.Youd better not be late for the class. 17.It is good (nice)of+ 宾格 +to do sth. eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. ( 你教我英语真是太好了) 18.It takes sb. some time to do sth.( 干某事化费某人多少时间) =sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the work. =I spent h

104、alf anhourin doing the work. 19.sb.pay 钱 for 物 某物化费了某人多少钱=sb.spend 钱 on 物=物 cost sb.钱 , pay 的过去式为 paid 而不是 payed. eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat. =I spent thirty yuan on the coat. =The coat cost me thirty yuan. 20.have been to 某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿sb.have been in + 地点某人呆在某地 (一段时间 ) have gone to 某人已去某地

105、,人不在这儿21. too形容词 (副词 )+to太而不能 太以致于不 eg.The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重我拿不动。This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy. 这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。 so.that 如此 .以致于 .上面的 too.to 结构的句子， 可以换成 so.that 引导的句子转换。The basket is so heavy that I cant carry it. This colour TV is so expensive that we cant

106、afford it. 22.Whats the population of .? . 人口有多少？不说 How much population in.?形容人口数量的大用large eg.The population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA 23.Ive come to return your pan. ( 我跑来是还你锅的) Why have you come? 而不用 What 24.not.until ( 连词 )方才，才eg.He says that he wont be free until tomorrow

107、. 他说他需到明天方才有空。肯定句 until 到eg.Youd better wait until tomorrow. ( 你最好等到明天) 25.neither.nor. 既不 .也不 . either.or. 或者 .或者 . eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word hundred. Either you or she is right. ( 谓语动词就近原则) both.and. 两者都 . eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One ( 主语看作复数 ) 练习题：1.-Where

108、is Mary? -Oh, she _ the librory. A.has gone to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone to 2.He knew little about the film _ he saw it yesterday evening. A.if B.since C.until D.because 3.I_ change his mind. Dont worry, Hell surely come to get it. A.think he wont B.think he will C.dont think he wont D.dont

109、 think he will 4.- _do you_ the TV play? - Not bad, I think. A.How;think of B.What;like C.How;like D.What;think 5. I _ have a good time _ the party. A.hope you will;at B.like you; on C.hope you to ;in D.want you that; from 完成句子：1.中国有多少人口，中国的人口大约是世界人口的四分之一。_ the population of 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -

110、 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载China? Its about _ _ of the worlds population. 2.门铃一直响着，直到门被林涛打开才停。The doorbell _ _until the door was opened by Lin Tao. 3.午饭后他休息了一会儿，我也休息了一会儿。He had a short rest after lunch, and _ _ I. 4.史密斯夫妇离开他们的家乡已有十多年时间了。_ more than ten years _ Mr and Mrs Smith left

111、their home town. 5.公共汽车里挤得几乎连站的地方都没有. The bus was_ crowded that there was hardly _ standing room in it. 思考题：1、做饭花了她半个小时。It _ _ half an hour _ _ some cooking. =I _ half an hour _ some cooking. 2、你真好，经常在数学上帮助我。It s really nice _ you to _ me _ my _. 3、Lily 跑得不快，赢不了比赛。Lily _ run quickly _ _ _ the race.=

112、Lily _ _ _ _ _the race. 4、在美术课上做一张教师节卡片怎样？_ _ _ a Teachers Day card _ the art lesson? 5、足球是我校最受欢迎的运动项目之一。Football is _ _ _ _ _ games in our school. Have 的两种特殊句型have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（开会），have a rest（休息），have a class（上课）等。你可知道have 构成的两种特殊句型吗？不看不知道，一看就明了。1have宾语省略to 的动词不定式该句

113、型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to 的不定式（宾语补足语） 之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike 我想让你买辆新自行车。We cant have the car stop我们无法让汽车停下来。2have宾语过去分词该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”被。此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：Ill have my hair cut tomorrow 我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired 他们刚找人把车修理了一下。注意：

114、大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如：1） He had me wash the table cloth He had the table cloth washed2) The man had the bike mendedThe man had someone mend the bike练习：根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词。1你应该找人建一座房子。You should have someone a houseYou should have a house2现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来。Now we ll have the next speaker to the front3你必须

115、让人把这些书送到教室去。You must have these booksto the classroom 情景交际英语（一）1.问候：A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ? Nice to meet you. B:回答相同A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you. 2.介绍：This is Mr/Mrs/Miss. Id like you to meet my parents. My name is.Im a student. 3.

116、告别A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载B:回答相同4.感谢和应答表示感谢通常回答Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. Thats OK. Many thanks. Thats all right. Thanks for helping me. Youre welcome. 5.祝愿、祝贺和应答A:Good luck! Best wishes to

117、you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you. A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you. A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you. 6.道歉和应答A:Im sorry.Im sorry to trouble you. B:It doesnt matter. Its not important. Thats nothing. 7.遗憾和同情What a pity!Im sorry to hear that. 8.邀

118、请和应答A:Would you like to ?B:Yes, Id love to. 9.提供帮助和应答A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike. Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks. Thats very kind of you. 10.请求允许A:May I.? Can I/Could I.? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right

119、. A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或 Never mind. 11.表示同意和不同意(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK. Thats a good idea. I agree with you. (2):No, I dont think so. Im afraid not. I really cant agree with you. 12.表示肯定和不肯定1: Im sure. Im sure that. 2:

120、 Im not sure. Im not sure whether/if. Maybe. 13.喜欢和厌恶1: I like /love.(very much) I like /love to. 2: I dont like to. I hate to . 14. 问时间、日期的应答A:What day is it? B:Its Monday.A:Whats the date?B:Its Jan. 10th. A:Whats the time,please? B:Its five oclock/half past five. Its time to . 15.请求(1): Can/could

121、you.for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have.? (2): Please give/pass me. Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line. (3): No smoking, please. No noise, please. 16.劝告和建议1:Youd better. You should. You need to. 2:Shall we do sth. ? Lets do sth. . What/How abou

122、t doing sth. ? 回答 : OK. Good idea. 17.禁止和警告1:You mustnt play on the road. If you . youll . 2:Take care.=Be careful. 18.表示感情A: 喜悦 Great!Thats nice. Im glad/pleased/happy to.B: 焦虑Whats wrong? Whats the matter with you?Im/Hes/Shes worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇Really?Oh, dear!Is that so? 19.约会A:Are

123、 you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning? Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate? B:Yes, thats all right. Yes, Ill be free then. All right.See you then. 20.语言困难Pardon?Please say that more slowly again. What do you mean by.?Im sorry I know only a little English. 21.表示称赞：A:Oh, how n

124、ice! Your dress is beautiful.B:Its nice of you to say so. 或 Thank you. 22.常见的标志和说明BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP OPEN 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载CLOSED PULL PUSH EXIT ENTRANCE 营业时间禁止拍照办公时间这边向上开 关1.-Would you like to go to the zoo with us?

125、_. A.Yes, please. B.Thats true. C.Yes, Id love to. D.Quite well. 2.-Ive done quite well in the exam this term. -_ _. A.I dont know. B.Congratulations. C.So do I. D.Go on, please. 3.If your friend tells you that he is ill, you may say_ _ A.Excuse me. B.Im sorry to hear that. C.It doesnt matter. D.I d

126、ont think so. 4.-Have a good journey, Alice. A.All right B.Thanks a lot. C.Very good D.Much better 5.The signTHIS SIDE UP is often seen _. A.on a box B.in the street C.in a cinema D.in a park 思考题：1.-Thank you for your help. -_ _ A.All right. B.Thats all right. C.Thats right. D.Its very kind of you.

127、2.-Do you mind if I close the window? -_ _ A.No, I mind. B.Yes, I dont mind. C. No, not at all. D.Yes, Im afraid not. 3.-Help yourself to some apples.-_ A.I dont like it. B.Sorry, I cant help it. C.Never mind. D.Thank you very much. 4.-Tom will take care of our cat while were away. -_ AFine, thank y

128、ou. B.Ill do it myself. C.Thats very kind of him. D.It doesnt matter. 5.-You speak English quite well. -_ _ A.I dont think so. B.You dont say so. C.No, I dont speak well. D.Thank you. 动词的时态与语态的综合运用确定正确的时态1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切的关系. a. I _ (write) now. b. I _(lose) my pen yesterday. c. We _ (study)

129、English for two years. 2.根据上下文来确定时态有些句子没有明显的时间状语,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定正确时态 . A.Where are the twins? B.They _ (go) to visit Uncle Wang. 3.根据主从句的关系来确定时态. 4.根据语言习惯来确定时态*e,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动作. *2.永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时. *3.祈使句中 ,或在情态动词,助动词后 ,谓语动词用原形Dont _ (read)in the sun , will

130、you? Youd better _ (stay)at home since its raining outside. 注意所填动词的语态Today both basketball and volleyball _(play) in many countries. 确定动词的形式1. be busy,what about 等后用动词的-ing 形式 . 2.在介词后一般应用动词的-ing 形式 . 3.在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的-ing 形式 . 4.在动词decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell

131、,want,teach 之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即 “ask sb. to do sth.”的形式5.在 see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词不定式符号“ to” , 但在被动句中 , 应添上 to. 6.在 Its time(for sb.)to do sth. Its kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载It takes sb. some time to do sth.

132、的句型中 , 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语. 7.疑问代词 /副词(why 除外 ) + to do sth. 结构 ,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语 . 练习题：1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _(blow) the earth away. 2.Mr Smith kept on _ (ask) the players to remember-TEAMWORK 3.Alice didnt hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesnt know how _ (do) the pro

133、blem. 4.The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him _ (carry) it for her. 5.用 help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look 的适当形式填空: (1).WangHai is a good comrade.He always does his best _others. (2).Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can t _well .(3).Its time f

134、or class.Lets stop _to the teacher. (4).Her face turned red when she _ to sing a song for all of us. (5).She is older than Mary but _much younger. (6).-I cant find my keys.-Maybe you _ them at home. (7).We waited in the next room while they _a meeting. (8).Hurry up.You _the train if you dont. 思考题：用

135、send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop,see,do,hear,go 的适当形式填空1._ you _ each other since you left school ten years ago? 2.What _they _at 8:00 yesterday evening. 3.The Smiths are getting ready _to Australia for their holdiay. 4.The beautiful jacket_too much , doesnt it? 5.Lucy and Lily were playing ca

136、rds when they _ a loud knock at the door. 6.The radio says the rain _later on. 7.The boy _to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened. 8.Today films_in English everywhere in the world. 9.Its summer now.The days_longer and the nights shorter. 10.Mother _ to Shanghai and shell be back in a we

137、ek or so. 动词的时态（上）A:一般现在时棗通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。结构：1）be 动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。有一顺口溜体现了它的用法：我是 am 你是 are ，is 跟着他她它 , 复数都用are 肯定式 :主语 + am /is/are +其他否定式 :主语 + am/is/are +not + 其他疑问式 :Am /Is /Are + 主语 + 其他 ?简略回答 : (肯) Yes,主语+ am/ is /are (否) No,主语+ am /is/are not 缩写形式 : Im = I am Thats =That is Wer

138、e =We are Whats= What is Youre = You are Whos = Who is Theyre =They are Wheres =Where is Hes =He is isnt=is not Shes =She is arent=are not Its = It is 2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加 -s 或-es 肯定式 :主语 +动词原形 /动词的第三人称单数，否定式 :主语 +助动词dont/doesnt +动词原形 +其他疑问式 :Do/Does+ 主语 +动词原形 +其他简略回答 :(肯 )Yes,

139、主语 +do/does (否)No,主语 +do/does not 缩写形式 : dont = do not doesnt =does not 注意： have 的第三人称单数为has 用法：1.表示事实 ,现状 ,性质或经常的,习惯的动作 ,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用, eg. He has a brother. 2.表示普遍真理 . eg. The earth goes round the sun. 3.表示在现

140、在时间里所发生的一个动作. eg. Here comes the train. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时. eg.Ill go with you if you are free tomorrow. B:一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。结构：1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用 ,其肯定式 ,否定式 ,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去

141、式是在动词后加或 ,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。肯定式 :主语 +动词的过去式+ 其他eg. I got up at six this morning. 否定式 :主语+ did not + 动词原形+ 其他eg.John didnt live here last year. 疑问式:Did + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他eg.Did you see him a moment ago? 简略回答 .(肯)Yes, 主语 +did (否)No , 主语+ didnt. 用法：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. eg.My father was at work yesterda

142、y. 2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与 often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用. eg.He always went to work by bus last summer. 3.和 when 等连词引导的状语从句连用. eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest. 4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用 . eg.They began the work two month

143、s ago. Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was. C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态结构：助动词 shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will ，但主语为第一人称时，也用will 肯定式 :主语 +shall/will+ 动词原形 +其他否定式 :主语 +shall/will+not+ 动词原形 +其他 . 疑问式 :Shall/Will+ 主语 +动词原形 +其他简略回答 :(肯)Yes,主语 +shall/will . (否)No,主语 +shall/will+not 缩写形式 : ll

144、 =shall/will shant= shall not wont = will not 用法 : 1.表示将要发生的动作或情况 ,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year. Maybe Chinas population _ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005. 2.表示某种必然的趋势eg. Fish will die without water. 解析：1.

145、在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中 ,用 will 表示请求 . eg. Where shall we have the meeting? Will you please lend me your pen? 2.当主语是第一人称时,用 will 表示意愿 .决心 .允诺 .命令等 . eg. I will give you an English-Chinese dictionary for your birthday. 3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时. eg. Tom will write to me when

146、 he gets there. 4.be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时. (1).表示主观意愿.打算等 . eg. Hes going to learn English next term. (2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况eg. Look at the black clouds! -It is going to rain. D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。结构：am/is/are + 动词的 -ing 形式用法：1.表示目前发生(进行 )的动作 (不指状态 ),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look

147、, listen 连用 . eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room. 2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days. 3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia to

148、morrow afternoon. 注意 : 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science. 练习题：1.Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center _ . a.once a week b. in a week c. next week 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载d. for a week 2.Be quiet!

149、 The baby _ (sleep) in the next room. 3.Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he _ (meet) her in her office tomorrow. 4.The bell for the class rang while they _ (play) on the playground. 5.Lucy said it _ (rain) later on. 思考题 : 1.The Chinese people _(work) hard to make their country

150、 stronger and more beautiful. 2.Hell write to you as soon as he _ (arrive ) in Hainan. 3.The students of Class One _(have)a meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon. 4.The sky is black. It _ (rain), Im afraid. 5.If it _(not snow)tomorrow,well go skating 6.Mr and Mrs Green_(travel)to the south

151、of China next week,arent they? 7.I_(not see)the film with you because Ive seen it already. 8.He told us that he_(stay)here till the next week. 9.I_(lose)my pen this morning. I havent found it yet. 动词的时态（下）G:现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词用法 : 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些

152、时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等 连 用 , 也 可 以 和 包 括 现 在 在 内 的 时 间 状 语 ,如these days,today,this year,so far 等连用 .eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了) 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即 for +时间段 ,since+时间点 /从句 , in the last ten years 等

153、,谓语只可用延续性动词. 解析：1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词 (也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词 ,或点动词 ),如 begin,start,die,buy,leave, come 等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续 ,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+ 时间段 , since+时间点 /从句连用 ,也不能用在how long 引导的特殊疑问句中. eg. Ive left Shanghai for three days.() Ive been away from Shanghai fo

154、r three days.( ). I left Shanghai three days ago. ( ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( ) 2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法: .将时间状语改为时间段+ ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时. eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago. .若保留

155、for+ 时间段 ,since+时间点 /从句 , 或用在how long 句型中 ,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词 )的对应关系如下come/go/arrive/get/reach/move-be in/at open-be open die-be dead close-be closed become-be borrow-keep begin/start-be on put on-wear leave-be away (from) buy-have fall asleep-be asleep end/finish-be over cat

156、ch a cold-have a cold join the army-be in the army be a soldier join the Party-be in the Party be a Party member My brother has been in the army for two years. My brother has been a soldier for two years. 3.现在完成时中been to,gone to 和 been in/at been to 去过某地 ,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never 等

157、连用 . eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. ( 表示目前人在这里) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 21 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载gone to 去某地了 ,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地, eg. She has gone to Shanghai 。 (表示现在她人不在这里) been in/at 逗留在某地 (已经一段时间).常和 for ten days,since I came here 等连用 . eg. She has been in Shanghai s

158、ince she moved there. 4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系. 5.现在完成时中的for 与 since for + 时间段与延续性动词的现在完成时连用since + 时间点 /从句I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book si

159、nce a week ago. 6. It is /has been +一段时间+ since 从句 .自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意 :1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时2.when 引导的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用. 3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但 have got=have has got=has 练习题 : 1.Its a long time since we _ (meet) last,isnt it? 2.-I kno

160、w you _ (choose) a picture book among these. -Yes,Have a look at it, please. 3.So far,spaceships without people _ (reach) the moon and some other partsof the universe. 4.My father_ home for nearly three weeks. A.has gone away from B.has left C.has been away from D.went away 5.Mr and Mrs Green have_i

161、n China for a week. A.been B.got C.arrived D.reached 6.-Wheres Mary? -Oh,she _the library. A.has gone to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone to H:过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作结构：助动词 had + 动词的过去分词用法： 1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为 “过去的过去“ .表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用 when,before 等引导的从句或通过上下文表示. e

162、g. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words. He had finished his homework before his father came back last night. 2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去. eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意 ) 否定式had not = hadnt 时态的呼应1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓

163、语动词可以用任何所需要的时态, he wants to speak to the headmaster. He said that he wont be free tomorrow. he came last night. 2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用过去时态的某种形式 . He said that he was working hard on his Chinese. he had a very good journey home. he hadnt bought the present yet. he would stop in Moscow on t

164、he way. 3. 如果从句所述内容是客观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时 ,而不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响. eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound. 4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时. eg.Stop talking when the headteacher _(walk)into the classroom. Jim wont watch TV until he _ (finish) his homework every time. 练习题：1.The

165、y were so pleased to see each other that they almost _ (forget) everything else around. 2. The girl put on her dress and then _ (go) to the mirror to look at herself. 思考题：1.I_(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 22 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载2.Whos Jack Lon

166、don? I _ never _ (hear) of that man before. 3.Im afraid I _ (keep) you waiting for such a long time. 4.-Where _ you_ (be)? -Im looking for you all the time. 5._they_ (know) each other when they were young? 6.The baby will cry if she _ (not see) her mother 动词的语态动词的语态 -表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语

167、态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者一、被动语态结构 :1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词. be 有人称 .时态 .数的变化 ,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样. 一般现在时am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来时will +be +及物动词的过去分词现在完成时have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词否定式 :是在助动词be 或情态动词后加not 构成疑问式 :是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加

168、问号构成. 用法 : 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者. eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“ by +动作执行者 (宾格 )来表示 . eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me. 注 意点：1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态. 2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构

169、成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine. 3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加 by 短语 ,常用的有be covered with be surprised at be inter

170、ested in be worried about be made of/from be known to 4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思. eg. This dictionary sells well. This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88. 5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系主动句 : 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 (动作执行者 ) (动作承受者 ) 被动句 : 主语+谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者(动作承受者 ) 1）主动句如何变为被动句a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的

171、主语.b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的结构 . c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作 by 的宾语 .若不必指出动作的执行者,可省去by 短语 . d.确定 be 动词的时态 .数. 例如 : She makes the beautiful kites. The beautiful kites are made by her. ( 被动句 ) 2）被动句如何变为主动句. a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语. b.找到 be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形. c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语. d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意 )在以上转换中,

172、代词作主语用主格, 代词作宾语用宾格. 6.主动语态中有些动词如:make,see,listen, watch,feel 后常跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态要带上to He made the boy work for him. The boy was made to work for him. 7.主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时, 通常把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 23 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载His uncle gave him a dictionary

173、 yesterday. He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday. 练习题 : 把下列句子变为被动句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. I _ _ to come a little later. 2.Women often talk about food and clothes. Food and clothes _ often _ about by women. 3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? _this kind of truc

174、k _ in Nanjing? 4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. Our teeth must _ _ twice a day. 5.Can I answer this question in simple English? _this question _ _ in simple English? 6.You may clean the room after work. The room may _ _ after work. 思考题 : 1.We use brooms for sweeping the floor. Brooms_ _for sw

175、eeping the floor. 2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year. Quite a few tall buildings _ _ in their hometown last year. 3. You must not put the bike there. The bike _ _ _there. 4. Can you see the stars in the daytime? Can the stars _ _in the daytime? 句子（三）四、祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议

176、或劝告等的句子叫祈使句，主语you 通常省略。 1、祈使句的肯定形式：一般以动词原形开头。Open the door, please. 2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首谓语动词前加Dont。Dont be late for class. 3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。Let me/us Let him/her/them eg. Lets go to school. 注意：1)祈使句 and/or 简单句是常用句型祈使句+ and + 简单句表示“如果，就”祈使句+ or + 简单句表示“否则”eg. 1.Go down the street,and youll see a h

177、ospital. 2.Be quick,or well be late. 2)在祈使句后面，常常附加一个问句，使语气更加委婉。eg.Tell me about it,will you/wont you? Dont tell anyone,will you? Lets go to school,shall we? Let us go out to play for a while,will you? 练习题1)_ on the thin ice. Its dangerous. A.Dont skate B.Dont skating C.Skate D.Not skate 2)Lets fly t

178、he kite on the playground, _ _? （附加问句）3)Please turn down the radio a bit, _ _? （附加问句）句子的分类 :由句子结构来讲，可分为三类简单一、简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语 )和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。eg. We cleaned the windows and tidied the room. 二、并列句：由并列连词and, but,so,or,for 等把两个或两个以上的简单句连起来的句子。eg. 1)I come from China and he comes from Japan. 2)Hurry u

179、p,or youll miss the train. 3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldnt find it. 4)She didnt know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher. 5)Hes interested in music while John is interested in sports. 三、复合句A.宾语从句： 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why

180、, when, where, how等。1、连接词1)由连接词that 引导陈述句，在口语中that 常省略。eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster. 2)由连接词whether/if 引导一般疑问句，whether 和 if 常可互换， 但下列场合一般用whether. 介词后的宾语从句：Im thinking of whether hell come. 与 or not 连用： I dont know whether I should go or not. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 -

181、- - - - - -第 24 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载3)由连接代词what,who(whom,whose)which 或连接副词when,where,why,how 引导特殊疑问句。eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for? 2、语序：不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，都要用陈述句语序，也就是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词主谓结构(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I dont know whats the matter with Bob? (3).I dont know wh

182、ats wrong with them? 3、时态：一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用其它任何时态； 如果主句是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。eg.Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo? 如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那

183、么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 注意：在think 后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义，一般不在宾语从句中否定，而是在主句中否定。eg. I dont think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误 ) 练习题：（一）How does he get on with his new classmates? Could you tell me? (改为含有宾语从句的复合

184、句) Could you tell me how _ _ on with his new classmates? What is he doing there? Mother didnt know. ( 改为含有宾语从句的复合句) Mother didnt know what _ _doing there. Could you tell me _ they are talking about? A.where B.when C.why D.what Youd better ask your mother whether is it cheap enough before you try it

185、on. Excuse me.Could you tell me where _? A.is the toilet B.the toilet is C.was the toiletD.the toilet was 句子（四）四、祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句，主语you 通常省略。1、祈使句的肯定形式：一般以动词原形开头。Open the door, please. 2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首谓语动词前加Dont。Dont be late for class. 3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。Let me/us Let him/her/them eg.

186、Lets go to school. 注意：1)祈使句 and/or 简单句是常用句型祈使句+ and + 简单句表示“如果，就”祈使句+ or + 简单句表示“否则”eg. 1.Go down the street,and youll see a hospital. 2.Be quick,or well be late. 2) 在祈使句后面，常常附加一个问句，使语气更加委婉。eg.Tell me about it,will you/wont you? Dont tell anyone,will you? Lets go to school,shall we? Let us go out to

187、 play for a while,will you? 练习题1)_ on the thin ice. Its dangerous. A.Dont skate B.Dont skating C.Skate D.Not skate 2)Lets fly the kite on the playground, _ _? （附加问句）3)Please turn down the radio a bit, _ _? （附加问句）句子的分类 :由句子结构来讲，可分为三类简单一、简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语 )和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。eg. We cleaned the windows an

188、d tidied the room. 二、并列句：由并列连词and, but,so,or,for 等把两个或两个以上的简单句连起来的句子。eg. 1)I come from China and he comes from Japan. 2)Hurry up,or youll miss the train. 3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldnt find it. 4)She didnt know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher. 5)Hes interested in m

189、usic while John is interested in sports. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 25 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载三、复合句A.宾语从句： 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。1、连接词1)由连接词that 引导陈述句，在口语中that 常省略。eg. He said that he would like to see the headmast

190、er. 2)由连接词whether/if 引导一般疑问句， whether 和 if 常可互换，但下列场合一般用whether. 介词后的宾语从句：Im thinking of whether hell come. 与 or not 连用： I dont know whether I should go or not. 3)由连接代词what,who(whom,whose)which 或连接副词when,where,why,how 引导特殊疑问句。eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for? 2、语序：不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，都

191、要用陈述句语序，也就是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词主谓结构(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I dont know whats the matter with Bob? (3).I dont know whats wrong with them? 3、时态：一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用其它任何时态； 如果主句是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。eg.Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked th

192、e handbag. I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo? 如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现在时。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 注意：在think 后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义，一般不在宾语从句中否定，而是在主句中否定。eg. I dont think that English is

193、easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误) 句子（五）1、同义词组的转换：指不同的词组表达同一个意思，用另一个意义相同的词组替换原句中的词组。1)Did your parents have a good time in Hangzhou? Did your parents _ _ in Hangzhou? 2)Jane prefers English to maths. Jane _ English _ than maths. 3)The smiths flew to London for their holiday yesterday after

194、noon. The smiths _to London for their holiday _ _yesterday afternoon. 4)Yesterday Tom heard from his sister. Yesterday Tom _ _ _ _ his sister. 5)The woman spent ￥200 on her handbag. The woman _ ￥200 _ her handbag. Her handbag _ the woman ￥200. 6)Lily taught herself Japanese. Lily _ Japanese _ _. 7)L

195、in Feng is weak in English. Lin Feng _ _ _ English. 2、反义词或词组的转换，相对于主语来说，动作发出的对象改变1)They havent written to their daughter for a long time. The daughter _ _ from her parents for a long time. 2)The farmer borrowed a pan from the woman last week. The woman _ a pan _ the farmer last week. 3)Remember to t

196、urn off the lights when you leave the room. _ _ to turn off the lights when you leave the room. 4)Lin Feng is weak in English. Lin Feng _ _ _ _ English. Lin Feng _ _ _ English. 3、比较等级的转换：形容词/副词的原级、比较级、最高级间的转换，通常用more than, less than,as as, not soas连接。1) Japanese is not so popular as English. Japanes

197、e is _ popular _ English. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 26 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载2) Jim runs faster than any other student in his class. Jim runs _ _ all the students in his class. _ runs _ than Jim in his class. _ runs _ fast _ Jim in his class. 3) He has more story-books than I. I hav

198、ent _ many story-books _ he. 4、用连接词把两句合并为一句的转换。1)The old woman was very angry.She couldnt say a word. The old woman was _ angry _ say a word. 2)Edison was very clever.He could invent a lot of things. Edison was _ _ _ invent a lot of things. 3) Jane prefers English to maths. So does Ann. _ Jane _ Ann

199、 _ English to maths. 4)You can do this before class, and you can also do it after class. You can do this _ before class _ after class. 5) This shirt doesnt look nice. That shirt doesnt look nice, either. _ this shirt _ that shirt _nice. 5、不同句子结构的转换，主要指简单句、并列句和复合句间的转换1)We found him a good pupil. We f

200、ound _ _ _ a good pupil. 2)The room is so small that my family cant live in it. The room isnt _ _ _ my family _ live in. The room is _ small _ my family _ live in. 3)His grandfather died ten years ago. It _ ten years _ his grandfather _. 4)Im not sure what I should do next. Im not sure _ _ _ next. 5

201、)Hurry up, or youll miss the train. _ you _ hurry up, youll miss the train. 6、根据句意的转换1)Yesterday everyone of us went to the farm except Lucy. _ Lucy _ go to the farm with us yesterday. 2)Sam is friendly to his classmates and his classmates are friendly to him. Sam _ _ well with his classmates. 3)Lil

202、y was born ten minutes earlier than I was. I am ten minutes _ than Lily. 4)English is spoken by the largest number of people in the world. English _ the largest number of _ in the world. 5)Its your turn to do it. Its _ _ you to do it. 6)The children cant wait to open their presents. The children wan

203、t to see the presents _ _ _ _. 7)The room is bright enough. Theres _ _ in the room. 8)We cant finish the work if you dont help us. We cant finish the work _ _ help. 9)It rained heavily last night. There _ _ _ last night. 10)He has lived in the city since he was born. He has lived in the city _ _ _.

204、11)The building is beautiful and there are many tall trees around it. The building _ many tall trees all _ is beautiful. 7、其它1)I spent two hours reading the book yesterday. _ _ me two hours _ _ the book yesterday. 2)He bought the book two weeks ago. He _ _ the book _ two weeks. 3)Youre very kind to

205、help me with my maths. _ _ very kind _ you _ help me with my maths. 4)Our teacher left the lab after he had got everything ready. Our teacher _ _ the lab _ he had got everything ready. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 27 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载5)Jim said to Lin Feng, Dont fill the pan too f

206、ull. Jim _ Lin Feng _ _ fill the pan too full. 思考题：1)My grandfather died ten years ago. My grandfather _ _ _ _ ten years ago. 2)Spring goes on from March to May. Spring _ from March _ May. 3)The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. People all over the world _ _ _ _. 4)I think it is diff

207、erent from Chinese names. I dont think it is _ _ as Chinese names. 5)They planted millions of trees to save the farmland. They planted millions of trees _ _ the farmland _ _ saved. 6)The man thinks the same as I. The man _ _ me. 怎样做好完形填空1.先通读一遍全文，对全文内容、作者观点、态度、文体等各方面有个宏观了解。虽然开始不可能完全了解短文内容，但起码要做到“八、九

208、不离十”。弄清大意，抓住了主题，便为正确选词打下了可靠的基础。2.然后读一遍选项，知道均有哪些备选项。3.再读全文，并且可以边读边用铅笔试将所选的选项的内容填在空白处。这是一个关键性的分析判断阶段。 同学们要瞻前顾后，字斟句酌。不能只看空格前后两个词，而是应该看完整的句子。这时，应调动你学过的全部语言知识，明确题目是要考查你哪方面知识的掌握。4.再串读，看铅笔填上后，文章意思是否通顺，语法语义是否准确，是否可恢复原貌。5.切不可不读全文，见一空填一词。6.同学们要学会利用上下文中的各种语言线索和已有的语言知识来选词。7.如果遇到一时难以确定的答案可先不填，先去做后面的， 或有把握的， 待填完其

209、他空白后，再回过头来做前面，有时候，前后空白往往形成互相提示和补充。同时，同学们还可利用排除法，首先排除不合题意的选项，然后反复比较剩下的选项，这样就可以略为简单一些。8.最后还要利用自己各方面的知识和语言知识、历史知识、生活常识等，细微分析比较，理解中心，全面验证。完形填空：（一）One day a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to town. Suddenly the bag _1_ from his horse onto the road.He did not know _2_ to do about it because it was _

210、3_ heavy for him to lift by himself. He only hoped that someone would soon pass by and _4_ him a hand. Just at this moment a man _5_ a horse came up to him. But the farmers heart sank when he saw who he was. It was the great man living _6_. The farmer had hoped to ask another farmer or a poor man _7

211、_ him to come along and help him. He couldnt ask such a great man to help him. But to his _8_ ,the great man got off his horse as soon as he came nearer. He said to the farmer, I see you _9_ help, friend. How good it is that Im here just at the right time. Then he took one end of the bag, the farmer

212、 the other, they together raised it and put it on the horse. Sir, asked the farmer, how can I pay you? Its quite easy, the great man replied with _10_. Wherever you see anyone else in trouble, do the same for him. 1、 A.fall B.fell C.falling D.fallen 2、 A.what B.how C.that D.it 3、 A.very B.so C.quite

213、 D.too 4、 A.lend B.ask C.borrow D.gave 5、 A.riding B.ride C.rode D.rides 6、 A.nearby B.faraway C.nearly D.near 7、 A.as B.like C.to D.for 8、 A.surprised B.surprising C.surprise D.surprises 9、 A.needs B.need C.to need D.needed 10、 A.smiles B.smile C.a smile D.an smile （二）Mr Brown had an umbrella(伞) sh

214、op in a small town.People sometimes (1) him broken umbrellas, and then he took them to a big shop in London. They were (2) there. One day Mr Brown went to London by train. He (3) to take an umbrella with him that day. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 28 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载Sitting in fro

215、nt of him was a man with an umbrella standing (4) the seat. When the train arrived in London, Mr Brown (5) up the umbrella as he often did during his journey by train. Just as he was getting off, he was (6) by the man. He said angrily, Thats (7)!” Mr Browns face turned red and he gave it back to the

216、 man at once. When Mr Brown got to the big shop, the shopkeeper had got his six umbrellas ready. After a good look at (8) of them, he said, Youve mended them very well. In the afternoon he got into the train again. The (9) man was in the same seat. He looked at Mr Brown and his six umbrellas, Youve

217、had a(10)day, he said. 1、 A.showed B.passed C.returned D.brought 2、 A.kept B.mended C.used D.sold 3、 A.wanted B.had C.forgot D.decided 4、 A.beside B.over C.under D.from 5、 A.picked B.looked C.put D.dressed 6、 A.needed B.helped C.stopped D.remembered 7、 A.yours B.mine C.his D.hers 8、 A.one B.each C.b

218、oth D.any 9、 A.same B.other C.forgetful D.kind 10、 A.hot B.rainy C.good D.bad 怎样做好中考阅读理解题（上）1.浏览全文，了解全文的概貌。2.采用顺读或倒读的方法3.抓住要点，快速阅读。4.找出主题句，弄清替代词的指代关系，推断句子结构。5.分清表层理解和深层理解的含义。6.突破生词关。7.在做到以上各点的基础上，再用“排除法” “一次判断” “逐个分析”等方法来判断找出问题的正确答案。（一）Last Sunday I saw the worst storm (暴雨 ) in years. It came sudden

219、ly and went on for three hours. After lunch, I went into my room and had a rest. The air was hot. All was quiet. Then strong wind started blowing into my room. Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out of the open window. As I ran to catch them,big drops of rain began to fa

220、ll. When I came back into my house, it was raining harder and harder. I tried hard and managed to close the window. Then I heard a loud sound from the back of the house. I ran out of my room to find out what had happened:a big tree had fallen down and broken the top of the backroom. 1.The storm happ

221、ened _. A.in the morning B.while he was in the back room C.in the afternoon D.while he was in the garden. 2.Before the storm came, the weather was _. A.cold B.cool C.hot D.warm 3.The storm lasted for _. A.three hours B.more than three hours C.three days D.less than three days 4.The strong wind blew

222、some of the paper _. A.all over the floor B.into the back room C.out of the door D.out of the window 5.The top of the back room was broken because of _. A.the strong wind B.the heavy rain C.the loud sound D.the fallen tree （二）One day Tony was crossing the road when he was hit by a car. He fell and b

223、roke his arm. An ambulance( 救护车 ) soon arrived and took Tony to a hospital. There a doctor operated on his arm. Then he put the arm in a cast(石膏 ).Tony couldnt move it at all. You must keep your arm in a cast for six weeks,the doctor said. Youllbe all right then. At the end of six weeks, Tony went b

224、ack to the hospital. The doctor took his arm out of the cast. Can you move your arm,Tony?” he asked.Tony tried to move his arm. At first it was difficult,but soon he could move it easily. Yes, its fine, he said. Thank you very much. In a few days it will be as good as new, the doctor said. Just exer

225、cises it a little. Will I be able to play the guitar(吉他 )？ Tony asked. The doctor smiled. Of course you will,he said.Youll have no problems. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 29 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载That is good news,Tony said.” Because I couldnt play it at all before. 1.How did Tony break

226、 his arm? A. A guitar fell on it. B. A doctor broke it.C. He was hit by a car. 2.How long did Tony have to keep his arm in a cast? A.Several days.B.Less than a month.C.About a month and a half. 3.As soon as the doctor took off the cast_. A.Tony could move his arm easily B.Tony could move his arm wit

227、h some trouble C.Tony was no longer able to move his arm 4.What did the doctor tell Tony to do after the cast was taken off? A.Exercise his arm.B.Take some medicineC.Come back to the hospital again. 5.At last Tony became very happy because _. A.he thought he would be able to play the guitar.B.the do

228、ctor had given him a guitar C.the doctor had told him that he could help him （三）This is really a very fast game. Both sides are fighting for the ball all the time. We are enjoying every minute of it. Loud shouts can be heard here and there. Willis has the ball now. This is only his third game for En

229、gland,but hes playing so well that it wont be his last, Im quite sure. Willis passes the ball to Cotton. Cotton kicks it over the heads of the Frenchmen towards the goal. But hes too far away. Dupont picks it up easily and throws it to Paton. France and England still have one goal each, and there ar

230、e only two minutes left. At this moment, anything can happen. Paton kicks the ballacross to Crozat. It s a beautiful kick. But Stevens jumps and just stops the ball with the side of his head. But Menier is there. He passes it to Crozat, and Crozat, without any hesitation( 犹豫 ), puts he ball into the

231、 back of the goal. Its a great surprise to us. Ive never seen such a goal like this. And the game is over. France has won the cup. 1.It wouldnt be Willis last game for England because _. A.he had played three already B.this was only his third time C.he was a good player D.he had kicked three goals f

232、or England 2.Why couldnt Cotton kick the ball into the goal? A.Willis was too far away from him. B.He wasnt near the goal. C.Dupont picked the ball up easily. D.The Frenchmen stopped the ball with their heads. 3.At this moment, anything can happen means _. A.The ninety minutes will end in a draw B.T

233、here is time for another goal C.The game is nearly over D.Either A or B 4.How many goals had the French players kicked by the end of the match? A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four 5.Who were all from the French team? A.Cotton, Stevens, Menier and Crozat. B.Paton, Crozat, Sevens and Dupont. C.Dupont, Crozat,

234、Menier and Paton. D.Willis, Dupont,Cotton and Menier. 如何做好中考听力题1.语音困难:一是发音不准,特别是音相近的词,如house-horse,much-March,hear-hair, sheep-ship,food-foot, mouth-mouse,quite-quiet,bed-bad,present-parent-peasant, box-books,等. 再就是语速的变化所引起的一系列的问题、语速慢，听力材料与学生程度相当，能听懂。但语速快，听力材料低于学生的水平，也听不懂。这是由于平时对于连读，失去爆破、重读与弱读等缺少训练，

235、因此对有些语音材料听不懂。2.内容上的困难:学生不是将注意力集中到最关键的部分.而是在一些虚词上或无关紧要的词上过多停留，影响对全文的理解。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 30 页，共 31 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载3.心理上的障碍:这是听力测试中至关重要的问题。由于过于紧张，本来能听懂的也听不懂了。具体做法： (1) 看完题目，再听录音；(2) 果断选择，争取时间。思维定势解题误区思维定势， 指的是我们习惯性的思维方式。学生在做题时往往会受固定搭配，习惯用法等思维方式的影响，凭着经验或感觉快速解题。当然，这有利于提高解题速度，但有时

236、也会把学生的思维引向“歧路”。现举例分析，以引起大家注意。如：1Shanghai is larger than _ city in Jiangsu Aany Bany other Cother Done 仔细分析该题， 就会发现本句中两个比较的双方Shanghai 和 Jiangsu 是“相互不包含” 关系。此句实际是Shanghai 与 Jiangsu 的任一个城市进行比较，故选A。2There are a lot _ apples in this basket than in that one Amost Bmore Cof Dmuch 此题学生往往会受短语a lot of 的影响而选C，

237、仔细研读该题则会发现此句是一个比较句型，句中的 a lot 实际上是用来修饰比较级的，该题的正确答案为B。3What did you _ at the meeting yesterday ？Aspeak Btell Csay Dtalk 这道题学生一看会根据“在会上发言，speak at the meeting”这一短语而选A。实际上这一句的意思是“你昨天在会上讲什么了？”疑问词what 在句中作动词say 的宾语，指说的内容，故选取答案C。4The bus is coming Lets_Aget it on Bget it off C get on it Dget it off 此题容易受“

238、动词副词”短语的影响，把代词放在此结构的中间，而选答案A。表示上下车时，此时onoff 是介词，需要把代词放在on off 的后面，所以答案为C。5Id heard a lot _England Some things were as I thoughtAof Babout Cto Dfor 此题表面一看很简单，根据短语a lot of 选答案 A。再看看句意， “我听说许多英国” ，则发现正确答案为B，意为“听到很多有关英国的情况，有些正如我想的一样”。6 Must I finish the work before five oclock？NoYou _ finish it before e

239、ight Amustnt B neednt Ccant D can 对 must 引导的一般疑问句否定回答常用No，you neednt结构。但细细分析本句，就可以从标点看出No 和它后面的部分实为两个句子，结合句意，可知答案为D。7Can you it in English ？Aspeak Bsay Ctell Dtalk 一看到 English，就联想到讲语言用动词speak，而选答案A。此题实际上是“你会用英语表达它吗？”此时in English 译为“用英语” ，在句子中作方式状语，而it 是 say 的宾语。因此选C。8There a film tomorrow evening Awill have Bhave Cis going to be Dhas此句意思很明显， “明天晚上有电影”。 “有”易受汉语影响而选答案A。实际上本句应用There be 句型，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 31 页，共 31 页