专四语法第15节-倒装和省略———————————————————————————————— 作者：———————————————————————————————— 日期： 9 专四语言知识之倒装与省略倒装一、 知识要点英语陈述句的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后但是在某些场合，为了强调、突出等目的会颠倒原有语序，这种句式叫做倒装(Inversion)句 倒装句有两种形式：完全倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)1、完全倒装将整个谓语动词或整个谓语部分都放在主语前面时，称为完全倒装使用完全倒装的情况有：(1) 以here, there, now, then, from, out, down, in, up, away, on等副词开头的句子，且谓语动词都是属于移动的含义，主语为名词时如：There followed a long silence. 接着是一阵长时间的沉默Now come the long-awaited guests. 盼望已久的客人们现在来了。
From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处不时传来枪声Out rushed a tiger. 一只老虎冲了出去注意：如果上述情况中主语为代词，则句子不必倒装如：Out he rushed. 他冲了出去Here she came. 她来了2) 地点状语置于句首，且主语为名词时此类句中的谓语动词大多是表示走动或状态的不及物动词go, come, stand, sit, lie 等如：Under the tree sat an old wrinkled man. 一位满脸皱纹的老人坐在树下At the door stood a girl about the same height as mine. 在门边站着个跟我差不多一样高的女孩3) 表语放在句首以加强语气时，主语要放在be动词之后形成完全倒装如:Below is the blue ocean. 下面是蓝色的海洋4) 有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装如：Standing at the door is a charming girl. 坐在门口的是一个可人的女孩。
To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑2、部分倒装只将助动词置于主语前，谓语其余部分置于主语后，则是部分倒装下列情况使用部分倒装：(1) 否定词及含有否定意义的副词或词组置于句首时，句子要部分倒装： never, no, not, not only, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, nowhere, no sooner…than, hardly/ barely/ scarcely… when, not until…, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no way, in no case, on no condition, in/under no circumstances 等如：In no way am I responsible for what has happened. 我决不会对已经发生的事负责No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed out of the classroom. 铃声一响，学生们就跑出了教室。
2) 以only修饰状语开头的句子，要部分倒装如：Only last week did they get married. 他们上个星期刚结婚Only if I get a job will I have enough money to get the camera. 我只有找到了工作才有足够的钱买那款相机注意：only属于主语的一部分时，不可用倒装结构如：Only a few people understood what he said. 只有很少人懂得他在说什么3) 以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子要部分倒装so, such, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point等如：Such was the weather that I could not go out. 天气如此这般，我出不了门To such a degree did the story touch me that I took notes of it. 这个故事深深地打动了我，于是我把它记了下来4) 句首为so, nor, neither等副词，表明前句说明的情况也适用于该句时，句子通常要部分倒装。
如：He didn't say anything. Nor/ Neither did his assistant. 他什么都没说，他助手也没吭声People in Britain rest two days a week. So do Chinese. 英国人一周休息两天，中国人也一样注意：当so放在句首只是对对方所陈述的内容表示肯定时，不用倒装如：“Tom wants to complete the important task.” “So he does.” “汤姆想完成那项重要的任务他的确想5) 虚拟条件句可以省略连同if，把从句中的助动词(were, should/could/might或had)移至主语前，形成部分倒装如：Had you been (= If you had been ) here last night, you would have met her. 如果你昨晚来这里的话，你就会见到她Be any person (= If any person be) guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. 任何人犯罪，法院都有权上诉。
Were I you (=If I were you)，I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他6) as和though引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as必须用倒装结构，though可用也可不用倒装这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首如：Small as it is, an atom can still be seen. 虽然小，原子还是能被看见Sick as/ though she was, she came to work. 尽管她病了，她还是来上班了省略 为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，英语中常常会省略以下为常考的几种省略 (Ellipsis) 形式1.并列句中，如果后面句子和前面句子有相同的成分，往往都会省略，以避免重复To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard. 对有些人而言笑一下很容易，而对另一些人而言则很困难I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party). 我认为丽萨会在聚会上跳舞，而简不会。
2.复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复时从句的句尾部分可省掉Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor). 因为爱丽丝不打扫地板，玛丽只好去打扫了He may leave if he wishes to (leave). 如果他想走的话，他可以走3.在以if, when, though, although, as, as if 等连词引导的从句中，如从句中主要动词是be，可将主语和动词be省掉He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old. 虽然他年事已高，但他却跳得非常棒when (he was) asked about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager said it was a great success. 问及新产品的广告宣传时，经理称很成功This is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated.A. after B. if C. since D. unless译文：这种病如果得不到治疗，就会导致完全失明。
分析：如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且主动词为be，通常可省略从句的主语和系动词本题根据句意应选B 此句完整形式为This is an illness that can result in total blindness if it is left untreated.4.用do, so, do so, not等替代旬中的一部分，构成省略1) do 代替主动词如： Laura looks very happy. She always used to do (= look very happy), I remember. 劳拉看起来很开心，我记得她以前也总是（看起来开心）2) do so 替代谓语结构，有时可以和do that, do it 交替使用如：He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so/ that/it (= tell me the news).他说要告诉我那条消息，但是他没有本句中的do so / that/ it 也可不要3) so+助动词+主语，该结构中的主语与前一句的主语指代不同的对象，表示"……也是如此”。
如：They want to see the famous basketball match and so do I. 他们想看这场有名的篮球赛，我也想去看I was tired, and so were they. 我很累，他们也是4) so+主语+助动词，该结构中的主语指的就是前一句话中的主语，表示说话人认同对方的看法，意为"可不是嘛，的确如此"如："They will win the championship.” “So they will. ” 他们会获得冠军 “可不是吗5) so 或not可替代that从句，常与I’m afraid, believe, exp。