2021/3/111 专业四级考试题型与分布 题数 分值听写 1 15 听力理解 30 30完型填空 20 20语法与词汇 30 30 阅读理解 20 20写作 1+1 15+10合计 1402021/3/112 专业八级考试时间及题型o考试时间：8：：30---11：：45oPart I： Listening Comprehension 约35mino其中：Section A (Note-taking & Gap-filling)（磁带的A面）o Section B and C（磁带的B面）oPart II： Reading Comprehension 30minoPart III： General Knowledge 10minoPart IV： Proof-reading & Error correction 15minoPart V： Translation 60minoPart VI： Writing 45minoPart I（Section A）做在答题卡1上；oPart I（Section B and C）、Part II、Part III、Part IV做在答题卡2上；oPart V和Part VI分别做在主观题答题卷3和4上。
2021/3/113 Dictationo听写是英语专业基础阶段考试的第一个项目考试时间为15分钟，计分15分，比重15%属于主观题型，人工阅卷o高校英语专业四级考试大纲（2004）新版要求：能在全面理解内容的基础上逐字逐句写出所听材料，并且拼写和标点符号正确无误，错误率不超过8%2021/3/114 o听写材料为相对独立的一个篇章，长度大约150个单词，为一段或多段，共分15个意群，每个意群可能是词组、分句或单句听写的录音由英美国家的专家专门录制全文共诵读四遍2021/3/115 o第一遍为正常速度，录音语速为每分钟120个单词要求考生整体理解全文内容，抓住中心大意，不要急于书写o第二、三遍会根据意群停顿，停顿时间为15秒，要求考生准确写出所听内容o第四遍与第一遍的语速一样，考生可边听边校对全文听完后有两分钟的复查时间，直到录音听到“That’s the end of Part One Dictation”,表示这一部分结束2021/3/116 评分标准：o1.听写的全部内容根据意群共分为15小节，每节1分，共15分o2.每节（即每个意群）最多扣1分o3.重复错误，仅扣一次o4.错误共分两类：小错误（minor mistakes）和大错误（major mistakes）2021/3/117 小错误扣分标准：o1.小错误在一节中出现一次，留作总计；出现两次，扣0.5分；出现三次，扣0.5分后留一小错做总计；出现四次及以上，扣1分。
o2.未扣分小错误的扣分标准：累计2-4个：扣0.5分累计5-8个：扣1分2021/3/118 小错误具体错误标准：o1.单词拼写错1-2个字母：originally-origionally-originalyknives-niveso2.标点符号错误：To solve this problem,theTo solve this problem theo3.单复数、冠词错误shells-shell; with a solution-with the solution2021/3/119 大错误扣分标准：o每个错误扣0.5分2021/3/1110 大错误具体错误标准：o1.漏词：all over the world-over the worldo2.加词：hand in –hand it ino3.造词：cloth-ciof,cloths; salt-soito4.换词(冠词作小错计)：for goods-to goods； they-these-thereo5.大移位：coins were-coin waso6.时态错误： are still paid-were still paido7.原文一个词变两个词：within-with in although-all though2021/3/1111 特殊扣分标准：o1.下列情况不扣分：in the past-in the past, now-now,o2.下列情况扣分：throughout-through out （大错误扣0.5分）a piece of –pieces of(两个小错扣0.5分)2021/3/1112 听写技巧1：o1.听前——审题，根据标题联想相关词汇 听写的标题一般会打印在答题卡上，因此，在第一遍录音开始播放之前，考生可充分利用标题的提示，积极联想相关的主题词汇，并写在纸稿上，以避免听音时出现近音词混淆。
e.g. British Holidaying HabitsRelative words: travel, vacation, go abroad, journey, weather, arrive, destination…2021/3/1113 听写技巧2:o2. 第一遍听音：了解大意和框架，只听不写o第一遍录音以正常语速朗读，此时一定不要急于书写，这样做会严重影响对全文的理解，且匆忙记下的词有可能在第二、三遍时找不到，造成心理紧张，得不偿失明智的做法应该是：只听不写，理顺文章的框架及层次，听懂文章大意2021/3/1114 听写技巧3:o3.第二、三遍听音——听懂再写o第二、三遍录音以意群为单位停顿第一个意群的第二、三遍读完，才读下一个意群，依此类推每个意群朗读后有15秒停顿给考生书写因此，第二遍朗读时，考生应该听完一个意群，了解其句式结构和意思，再用15秒的停顿时间开始书写；如果第二遍没有理解意群的结构或大意，那么应充分利用第三遍朗读这个补救机会第二、三遍优先记录：第二、三遍优先记录：1.表意义的实词，如：表意义的实词，如：v. n. a. ad.2.逻辑关系词，如：逻辑关系词，如：however, but, although, even though, nevertheless, because, thus, so ,furthermore, meanwhile3.容易遗忘的细节，如：数字、时间点、年月容易遗忘的细节，如：数字、时间点、年月日、专用名词等。
日、专用名词等2021/3/1115 听写技巧4:o4.第四遍听音——听稿校对o在第二、三遍听写时，由于种种原因，难免出现添词、漏词、拼写错误、词性错误等不足考生应利用第四遍录音对听写稿进行一次听稿校对应注意，第四遍以正常语速朗读，中间不作停顿，考生不大可能对听写稿作全面检查此时，考生可根据录音，逐句核对听写稿，重点在于删、补信息如有余力也可改正听写稿的其它错误Britain has a well-respected higher education system / and some of the top universities and research institutions in the world.样稿：Britain have well-respected higher education system / and some top universities and research enstitutions in the world.听稿核对：根据录音，优先把漏写的，a, of, the 补上，其他错误（如has 时态错误， enstitutions 拼写错误）留待2分钟检查时间处理。
2021/3/1116 听写技巧5:o5.检查——无稿校对o第四遍听写结束后，考生有2分钟时间检查听写稿此时没有录音佐证，属于无稿校对阶段此时，考生要积极调动自己储备的知识（如语法、背景知识），重点消除单复数、人称、时态、大小写和标点等方面的错误注意，此时应以改错为主，多利用逻辑或知识推理，少借助记忆2021/3/1117 2021/3/1118 一. 入门训练oCollege lifeoTest of English as a Foreign LanguageoPatent2021/3/1119 College lifeoCollege LifeoAmerican college and university students who live away from their familiesoare generally housed in dormitories at least for their first year.oMen and women often live in the same building,othough they may live on separate floors.2021/3/1120 oSome dorms have a theme, like an international house,owhere students can learn about other cultures.oIn language houses, students try to avoid speaking their native language.oThe idea is to learn a different language.oColleges and universities often have many clubs that students can join.2021/3/1121 oThese include political, religious and service clubs,oas well as groups for activities like singing, dancing, cooking, even learning how to play magic.oSchools may also have internal sports clubs.oThese are for students who do not play for a school teamobut want organized sports with other students.oAnd schools will often recognize a new club or activity if enough students are interested.2021/3/1122 2021/3/1123 Foreign language studyoForeign language study starts at a very young age for many students in America.oSome students start language training at age six.oStates do not require foreign language training this early in education.oBut many students choose to study languages in elementary school.oThe most popular languages for young students are Spanish, French and German.2021/3/1124 oAlmost 7 million students in public secondary schools in the United Statesoare studying a foreign language.oEach state sets its own requirements for foreign language studyoat the junior high and high school level.oMany students graduate high school with at least two years of foreign language study.2021/3/1125 oSome study a foreign language for four years.oThere are different foreign language requirements at colleges and universities.oSome universities require students to have had several years of language education in high school.oIn addition, many colleges and universities require studentsoto complete at least two years of foreign language study before graduating.2021/3/1126 2021/3/1127 The English LanguageoEnglish is the most widespread language in the world oand is more widely spoken and written than any other language. oMore people are trying to learn English in the world. oEnglish is the language of political negotiations and international business. oIt has become the international language of science and medicine. 2021/3/1128 oInternational treaties say passenger airplane pilots must speak English. oEnglish is the major foreign language taught in most schools in South America and Europe. oSchool children in the Philippines and Japan begin learning English at an early age. oEnglish is the official language of more than 75 countries oincluding Britain, Canada, the United States, Australia, and South Africa. 2021/3/1129 oIn countries where many different languages are spoken, oEnglish is often used as an official language to help people communicate. oIndia is a good example. oEnglish is the common language in this country owhere at least 24 languages are spoken by more than one million people. 2021/3/1130 2021/3/1131 Test of English as a Foreign LanguageoIt is the most widely respected English-language test in the world,orecognized by more than 8,000 colleges and universities in more than 130 countries.oIt is called TOEFL, which stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language.oTOEFL is an important test for foreign students who want to study in America.oMore than 4,000 American universities and other schoolsorequire students seeking admission to take the test.2021/3/1132 oEach year, nearly a million individuals of all ages take the TOEFL testoto demonstrate their English-language proficiency.oIt measures your ability to use and understand English at the university level.oAnd it evaluates how well you combine your four skills,olistening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks.2021/3/1133 oThere are two formats for the TOEFL test.oThe format you take depends on the location of your test center.oNowadays, most test takers take the Internet-based Test.oTest centers that do not have Internet access offer the Paper-based Test.2021/3/1134 2021/3/1135 PatentoPatents are meant to protect the chances of inventorsoto make money from their creations.oThe term of a patent is up to 20 years.oDuring that time, the inventor controls the legal rightoto make, use or sell the invention.2021/3/1136 oAfter 20 years, anyone can make or sell the invention.oA patent gives both inventors and investors time to develop and market a product.oPatents also provide a way to share and spread technical information.oSuppose you have an idea for an invention.oHow do you get a patent to protect your rights?2021/3/1137 oThe first step is to record your idea on paper.oYou must be sure no one else has invented a device just like yours.oSo you must examine the descriptions of similar devices that already have patents.oThis can be a big job and take a long time.oMany inventors pay patent lawyers to do this job.2021/3/1138 2021/3/1139 Heat Stress B.E.oThe most common health problem linked to hot weather is heat stress.oThe causes of heat stress include wearing heavy clothing,ophysical work or exercise, hot weather and high humidity.oIf several of these conditions are present at the same time,oa person's body temperature may rise above safe levels.2021/3/1140 oMost people suffer only muscle pain because of heat stress.oThe pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot.oDoctors say those suffering muscle pain should stop all activity and rest in a cool place.oDoctors say not to return to physical activity for a few hoursobecause serious conditions could develop.2021/3/1141 oSome people face an increased danger from heat stress.oThey may have a weak or damaged heart,ohigh blood pressure or other problems of the blood system.oSevere heat is also dangerous for people who weigh too much and have too much body fat,oand for people who drink alcohol.2021/3/1142 2021/3/1143 Pressing oil from seeds (B.E.)oOil is separated from seeds by using pressure. oA machine called a press is often used. oThe first step in pressing the oil from seeds is to crush the seeds between two stones. oA cloth container or bag is filled with the crushed seeds. oThen the bag is hung up. 2021/3/1144 oSome of the oil will flow out of the bag and can be collected. oBut some oil will remain in the crushed seeds inside the bag. oThe easiest way to get the rest of the oil out ois to place heavy rocks on the crushed material. oAnother method is to place several cloth bags on top of each other in a box. 2021/3/1145 oThen a long wooden stick is used to slowly push a heavy cover down on the bags. oGreat pressure is produced in this way. oMuch greater pressure can be produced by using a machine. oThe greater the pressure, othe more oil will be produced.2021/3/1146 二. 四级标准训练2021/3/1147 West PointoWest Point is the four-year military school in New York State that educates future Army officers. oThe students are called cadets. oThey do not have to pay for their education. oAll student costs are paid by the United States Army. oBut the students do have to agree to serve on active duty in the Army for at least five years after they graduate. 2021/3/1148 oIt is difficult to become a student at West Point. oOnly about 15 percent of students who apply are accepted. oThey must be nominated to the academy, ousually by a federal or state lawmaker. oNominees also must satisfy the entrance requirements. 2021/3/1149 oThese include excellent physical condition and high marks in school. oWest Point also accepts a limited number of international students onominated by their home government. oThey also must satisfy the physical and educational requirements. oAfter graduation they return to their home countries to serve in their country's army. 2021/3/1150 2021/3/1151 oPunctuation and fixed terms2021/3/1152 The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race B.E.oOxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most famous universities in Britain,oand there has always been a great rivalry between the two institutions.oBut the most public competition between the two is the annual Boat Race.oBoth universities are located near rivers,oand rowing is a popular and prestigious sport.2021/3/1153 oThe very first race took place in 1829,owhen a Cambridge student challenged a school-friend studying at Oxford.oEver since, the defeated team from the previous year challenges the opposition to a rematch.oThe only times when no Boat Races took placeowere during the First and Second World Wars.2021/3/1154 oThe race is between two crews of eight rowers,oeach led by a pilot, who steers and gives commands to the rowers.oSince 1836, the rowing eights have worn different shades of blueo---Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.oAs a result, the rowers are known as the Blues.2021/3/1155 2021/3/1156 Earwax B.E.oExperts say earwax protects and cleans the ear. oIt traps dirt and other matter and keeps insects out. oDoctors think it might also help protect against infections. oAnd the waxy oil keeps ears from getting too dry. oThere are two kinds of earwax. 2021/3/1157 oMost people of European or African ancestry have the "wet" kind, owhile East Asians commonly have "dry" earwax. oThe glands in the ear canal that produce the wax make too much in some people. oEarwax is normally expelled and it falls out of the ear or gets washed away. oBut extra wax can harden and form a blockage othat interferes with sound waves and reduces hearing. 2021/3/1158 oPeople can also cause a blockage when they try to clean out their ears, obut only push the wax deeper inside. oEarwax removal is sometimes necessary. oBut you have to use a safe method or you could do a lot of damage. 2021/3/1159 2021/3/1160 Getting a Green CardoA green card is an official documentoidentifying a person as a permanent resident of the United States.oIt does not give citizenship to the card holderobut permits him or her to live and work legally in the country.oThere are many ways to get a green card.2021/3/1161 oOne common way is through family members who have American citizenship.oAmerica gives special consideration to husbands, wives, children and parents of American citizens.oGreen card holders can also nominate their husbands, wives and children for green cards.oA foreign citizen who has been offered a job in America can request a green card.oThe employer would serve as sponsor in that case.2021/3/1162 oThere are also green card qualifiersofor some non-citizens who invest in America, and for refugees.oStill all these paths leave out many people who want a green card.oSo, each year America carries out a lotteryothat provides about 50,000 green cards to lucky winners.2021/3/1163 oLong sense groupoPunctuationoCapital letter2021/3/1164 Breakfast punctuationoBreakfast is considered a very important meal,oand is essential to having a good start to the day.oIn fact, once a year there is a weekly campaign called “Think Breakfast” to encourage people to eat better breakfast!(长句的听写最好先写后面的意群，因为前面意群的记忆会被后面的冲掉。
反之则忽略后者的声音)oA traditional English breakfast includes sausages, bacon, fried eggs,omushrooms, baked beans, fried tomatoes, and toast with butter.2021/3/1165 oHowever, these days most people don't eat a traditional breakfast every day, or even at all.oThis is because it is very unhealthy,oand many people don't have time to cook.oThese days, most people eat a bowl of cereal with milk,oor have a slice of toast with butter.2021/3/1166 oIn fact, in the UK the average person eats about 6 kilos of cereal every yearo---this is much more than most European countries.oIn the winter many people eat a hot cereal called "porridge",owhich is made from oats.oThis is especially popular in Scotland.2021/3/1167 2021/3/1168 A Scottish New YearoIf you're invited to a Scottish home on New Year's Eve, oit's important to know what to bring with you: oa lump of coal, some shortbread and some whisky( whiskey). o The coal signifies warmth, oso you're wishing that the people you visit will have enough heat in the coming year. 2021/3/1169 oThe shortbread represents food, oso you're hoping that the people will have enough to eat. oAnd whisky was called "the water of life" by Scots, oso it means you want the hosts to have enough to drink. oThere is one more key task you still have to perform as a guest.2021/3/1170 oThe first person to knock on a neighbour's door o is supposed to be a tall, dark, handsome man. oIf you are, you'll bring good luck to the household. oBut if that's not you, don't ring the bell just yet. oWait for a while and the right person is bound to turn up soon! 2021/3/1171 2021/3/1172 TornadoesoA tornado is a violently turning tube of air suspended from a thick cloud.oIt extends from a thunderstorm in the sky down to the ground.oThe shape is like a funnel:owide at the top, narrower at the bottom.oTornadoes form when winds blowing in different directionsomeet in the clouds and begin to turn in circles.2021/3/1173 oWarm air rising from below causes the winds tube to reach toward the ground.oBecause of their circular movement,othese windstorms are also known as twisters.oThe most severe tornadoes can reach wind speeds of 320 kilometers an hour or more.2021/3/1174 oWeather experts can identify the conditions to form a tornado.oAnd when they observe them,othey can advise people that tornadoes might develop.oBut they are not able to tell exactly where or when a tornado will hit.oTornado warnings still depend in large part on human observations.2021/3/1175 2021/3/1176 FairsoMillions of Americans enjoy visiting state and county fairs in August, September and October.oThese agricultural fairs were traditionally held to honor the work of local farmers.oFarmers and their families came to the fairoto show their crops and animals and compete for prizes.oThe sounds, smells and tastes of state fairs are part of the memory of childhood for many Americans.2021/3/1177 oPeople enjoy hot corn covered in melted butter,osticky sweet cotton candy and ice cream.oState and county fairs offer many things for children and adults to enjoy:ogames, rides, cultural exhibits and famous entertainers.oThere is also lots of friendly competition.2021/3/1178 oChildren and adults bring the farm animals and vegetables they have raised.oThey also bring arts and crafts projects and homemade foods.oJudges then choose the best-looking pigoor the largest pumpkin or the tastiest apple pie.oThe winners receive the highest honor, a blue ribbon.2021/3/1179 2021/3/1180 Left-HandersoInternational Left-Handers Day is August 13th.oThe Left-Handers Club started the holiday in 1992.oIt wanted left-handers around the world to celebrate.oAnd it wanted to bring attention to the everyday problems of people who use their left hands.oOne of these problems is difficulty using equipment and tools, like scissors.oIn general, most tools and equipment are made for people who are right-handed.2021/3/1181 oThe Left-Handers Club tries to educate designers and manufacturersoto consider the safety of left-handed people when producing their products.oAnother problem is that many societies have considered it bad to be left-handed.oSome teachers and parents have tried to force children who used their left handoto use their right one instead.2021/3/1182 oScientists do not really know why some people are left-handed.oThey have believed the reason is genetic.oResearchers in Britain recently identified a gene that helps confirm this.oThey say the gene increases the chance of being left-handed.2021/3/1183 2021/3/1184 Vegetarians in the USoAmericans define a vegetarian diet in several ways.oSome vegetarians do not eat any meat products or any food made from animal labor,oincluding milk products, eggs and honey.oBut most vegetarians include dairy products in their dietoand many vegetarians eat eggs.2021/3/1185 oSome people consider themselves partial vegetarians,obecause they do not eat meat or farm birds, but they do eat fish.oThere are many reasons people choose to be vegetarian.oSome religions observe vegetarianism as part of an effort of nonviolence towards animals.oMany other people have non-religious moral reasons for not eating meat.2021/3/1186 oThey believe that killing farm animals for food is immoral and cruel.oOther vegetarians believe it is more healthful to eat a plant-based diet.oAnd some vegetarians reject eating meat for environmental reasons.oSome studies show that the industry of raising large farm animalsoleads to water and air pollution, land damage and climate change.2021/3/1187 2021/3/1188 6大听写必备知识点知识点1.标点符号的正确用法o知识点1.标点符号的正确用法o1）节间标点o（1）若停顿前的意群主谓宾结构已经完整，且后面是有独立主谓宾结构的另一意群，前面停顿处即为句号。
oBut to those who are new to this system, it can sometimes be confusing. / October is usually the busiest month in the academic calendar.(2010年真题)2021/3/1189 o(2)若前后两个分句在意思上是独立的, 但两句中间有连词连接(如and, but, thus, so, because等,),则两个分句间或连词前用逗号.oAfter all, the British weather wasn’t very good, even in summer, / so a lot of people left the country for a vacation. (2011真题)2021/3/1190 o(3)若两小节虽然朗读上有停顿,但意义上却属于完整的一句话,则停顿处没有标点符号,这种情况一般出现在固定搭配,位于句末的时间或条件丛句.oThey always have to remind their customers /of the name and qualities of their products by advertising. (2007真题)2021/3/1191 o(4)若停顿后的意群是停顿前的一个意群的同位成分,则停顿处为破折号.oThere is one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties have in common---/the countdown to midnight,/(2009真题)oThe countdown to midnight 是one thing的同位语2021/3/1192 2)节内标点o(1)句首的副词,时间状语,地点状语,不定式后面一般需要有逗号(时间状语也可以不加逗号,不扣分.)oLuckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you.(2010真题)oIn the late 1970s, air travel became affordable.(2011真题)2021/3/1193 o(2)小节内的插入语需用逗号分隔.如oThe idea, for example, of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,/ (2008真题)o(3)若前后两个分句在意思上密切相关,但中间没有连词连接,则两个分句间用分号.oSome people hold a house party;others attend street parties,/ (2009真题目)2021/3/1194 o(4)节内一般不出现句号o(5)合成词,词缀与词根(或词)之间需用连字符.oBritain has a well-respected higher education system./ (2010真题)oHe sometimes employs sales-girls to distribute samples of his products,/(2007真题)2021/3/1195 知识点2:关于大小写,需要大写的情况o1.完整句子第一个首字母需要大写.o2.直接引证句首的字母需要大写.oThe teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”o3.动词be后的完整句子的首字母需要大写oThe truth is: He didn’t lie to you.o4.报刊.书籍.文章标题等除不位于句首的冠词,介词和连词外,其他的单词的首字母需大写. A Tale of Two Cities/The Economist2021/3/1196 o5. 人名.地名.国名.月份.星期.大型节日.著名事件.组织机构的名称等,首字母需大写oLaura/ Spain/September/Monday/New Year’s Eve/ the Second World War/ World Trade Organizationo6.人名前的称呼或头衔首字母要大写oMr. Green/ Dr. li2021/3/1197 o7.表示语种.民族的名词或形容词首字母需大写oEnglish/ Chineseo8.宗教专名的首字母要大写oBuddhist/ Christian2021/3/1198 知识点3:关于数字的听写o1001: a/one thousand (and)oneo3235:three thousand two hundred(and)thirty-fiveo1,000,000: one milliono1,000,900: one million nine hundredo1,000,000,000: one billiono1,000,090,000: one billion ninety thousand2021/3/1199 o1.一位数的写法:如果是简单的一位数,可直接写阿拉伯数字或单词.o2.两位以上数字的写法:如果是较复杂的两位或多倍数,通常用阿拉伯数字表示o3,以thousand,million,billion等为单位的数的写法,记数时可每三位用一逗号隔开.2021/3/11100 o知识点4.用笔记辅助听写,缩写,或采用速记符号o知识点5.英音和美音的区别:发音拼写不同o知识点6.区分同音词oall together—altogetheroBand—bannedoBare—bearoFloor—flawoFlour—flower2021/3/11101 2021/3/11102 2021/3/11103 三.难度训练 American IndiansoAmerican Indians are the native people in the United States.oThey belong to more than five hundred Indian tribes.oMany tribe members live on reservations.oThese are areas that the United States government set up for native tribesothat had lost their lands to European settlers.2021/3/11104 oSome reservations are larger than American states.oThe Bureau of Indian Affairs supervises these territories.oTribes on reservations have limited self-rule.oGenerally, American Indians do not enjoy the same economic and educational success as other Americans.oThey earn less money and have more unemployment than other Americans.2021/3/11105 oThey also have higher rates of diseaseoand die younger than other American groups.oHowever, the American Indian economy has grown at three times the national rate since the 1980s.oSome of the improvement has come from expansion of the American Indian gambling industry.oMany Indian tribes have legalized gambling on their reservations.2021/3/11106 2021/3/11107 专业八级考试题型与分布2021/3/11108 。