2021/3/101 FIRST AIDThis is the first help/assistance given to a person who is sick / injured before medical help is obtained2021/3/102 TreatmentBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RESCUSCITATION•DRABC•D is Danger /safety •R is Response •A is for airways (mouth and nose)•B is for breathing (chest expansion)•C is for circulation (check for the pulse)2021/3/103 THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID1. Diagnosis•History (Find out what happened, when, where and how)•Signs (Physical features you can see on the patient, wound, vomiting, swelling, bleeding)•Symptoms (things felt by the patient, pain, discomfort, dizziness etc)2021/3/104 2. Treatment•Preserve life•Prevent condition getting worse•Promote recovery3. Disposal•Sending the patient to the hospital or any medical center2021/3/105 SKELETON•This is the framework of the body; it’s made up of 206 bones.•TYPES•Long bones – arms and legs•Hand and foot (27 bones on the hand)2021/3/106 2021/3/107 2021/3/108 SKELETON•Flat bones – skull, ribs, pelvis (these are for protection)•Irregular bones – vertebrae (backbone) (26 of them)2021/3/109 2021/3/1010 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM•The central nervous system controls all voluntary activities and is made up of:The brain•Greater brain: for consciousness e.g.2021/3/1011 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM•The lesser brain: for balancing•Brain stem: for autonomic nervous system e.g. breathing •The spinal cord to conduct impulses to and from the brain•Nerves to transport impulses to and from the spinal cord2021/3/1012 2021/3/1013 MUSCLES•It is the red flesh of the body, which carries 50% of the total weight of the body.TYPES•Voluntary muscles – those that are controlled by the will e.g. walking, running, stopping, smiling, laughing etc.•Involuntary muscles – those that are controlled automatically e.g. breathing, blinking of the eye2021/3/1014 FRACTURE•This is the break in the bone•TYPES•Closed fracture (simple fracture)•Open fracture (compound fracture)•All these fractures can become complicated when the bone breaks and damages other vital organs2021/3/1015 2021/3/1016 FRACTURE•CAUSES•Direct violence (bone breaks directly where force is applied)•Transmitted violence (bone breaks away from where force is applied)•Muscular action (this is causes by the pulling of muscles)•Diseases of the bone2021/3/1017 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS•P.I.D.A.C.I.S.S.S•Pain•Inability•Deformity2021/3/1018 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS•Abnormal movement•Creptus•Irregularity•Swelling and discoloration•Shock due to pain and loss of blood•Shortening2021/3/1019 TREATMENT»Check. D R A B C»Stop bleeding if any»Take support»Dress any wounds »Immobilize the fracture so that You prevent further damage You lessen painYou can easily carry the patient to hospital2021/3/1020 DISLOCATION•This is the displacement of the bone at a jointTYPES•Closed•OpenSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS•Severe pain•Deformity•Swelling•Fixation (no movement) at a joint2021/3/1021 TREATMENT•Do not try to straighten it •Check. D R A B C•Immobilize just as it is found and take the patient to the hospital•Stop bleeding if any•Take support2021/3/1022 TREATMENT•Dress any wounds •Immobilize the dislocation so that •You prevent further damage •You lessen pain•You can easily carry the patient to hospital2021/3/1023 WOUNDS•This is a cut or break in the skin•TYPES•Contused wound (the tissues are burst open by blunt force e.g. a hammer)2021/3/1024 WOUNDS•Lacerated wound (the tissues are torn apart by rough surfaces)•Incised wound (these are clean cut wounds using a knife or razor blade)•Punctured wound (these are deep cuts e.g. bullet wound, a nail straight into the skin)2021/3/1025 DANGERS OF WOUNDS •Loss of bloodThere could be internal bleeding•Infections :The object may transmit infectionsDamage to internal parts2021/3/1026 TREATMENT•Stop bleedingUsing direct pressureUsing digital pointsUsing a tourniquet•Wash your hands (wear surgical gloves)2021/3/1027 TREATMENT•Expose the wound•Apply temporary dressing to prevent infections•Clean the area away and around the wound•Apply a permanent dressing and a pressure bandageWe do this in order to stop infections and bleeding•Send the patient to the hospital 2021/3/1028 BLEEDING / HEMORRHAGE •Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body•Blood is made up of two thingsPlasma – fluidCells;–Red blood cells carrying oxygen–White blood cells to fight against infections–Platelets which help with clotting2021/3/1029 2021/3/1030 2021/3/1031 2021/3/1032 ORGANS OF CIRCULATION AND KINDS OF BLEEDING Heart – to pump blood and has four chambersBlood vessels•Arteries – to carry blood away from the heart•Capillaries – to circulate blood around the body•Veins – to carry blood back to the heart 2021/3/1033 2021/3/1034 2021/3/1035 TYPES OF BLEEDING•There are two types of bleeding•External bleeding (outside bleeding)•Internal bleeding (inside bleeding)2021/3/1036 TYPES OF BLEEDINGOn internal bleeding we have what is called concealed and revealed bleeding. Concealed bleeding is very dangerous because the patient may die if not taken to the hospital in time.2021/3/1037 Arterial Bleeding•Bleeding through the artery, blood will come out with pressure and it will be bright red in color because it is rich in oxygen.Capillary Bleeding•Bleeding through the capillary, the blood will ooze out and can stop on its own. The blood will look dark.2021/3/1038 Venous Bleeding•Bleeding through the veins, blood will flow out in a stream and will look dark red in color since it has lost its oxygen.•NOTE: When donating blood, blood will be taken from the person using the veins and will be given to the patient through the veins.2021/3/1039 SIGNS AND SYMTOMS OF BLEEDING(F.R.I.S)•Faintness going into collapse•Rapid thread pulse/weak pulse•Increasing pallor and restlessness•Shallow sighing respiration2021/3/1040 METHODS OF STOPPING BLEEDING•Direct pressure (always use a pad)•Digital pressure on the pressure points•Temporal arteries found near the ear when bleeding on the head•Sub-clevian arteries found on the collar bone, when bleeding on the upper arm•Brachial arteries found on the upper arm, when bleeding on the lower arm2021/3/1041 •Femoral arteries found on the groin when bleeding on the leg•Facial arteries found under the chin, when bleeding on the face•Occipital arteries found at the back of the head, when bleeding on the back of the headThe use of an instrument called a tourniquet2021/3/1042 2021/3/1043 The use of an instrument called a tourniquet•Rubber tourniquet•Bandage tourniquet•Plugging2021/3/1044 PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING A TOURNIQUET•Apply it where there is only one bone•Always pad the area•Release it after 10-20 minutes and tighten after 15 seconds and if the bleeding has stopped leave the tourniquet loose but don’t take it away.•Accompany the patient to the hospital2021/3/1045 DANGERS OF TOURNIQUET•Painful•It can cause tissue destruction•It can cause death of the limb•It can only be used where there is only one bone2021/3/1046 ADVANTAGES•It can stop bleeding at once•It can stop multiple bleeding on one single limb•It can stop bleeding as you attend to the other patients or other things•It can stop bleeding as you transport your patient to the hospital2021/3/1047 SHOCK•This is the reduction of blood circulation affecting the brain2021/3/1048 SHOCKTYPES•Nervous shock cause by fear, pain, bad or good news•Here the patient will have the same volume of blood but has just been drained from the brain to the lower part of the body. How?•Surgical shock caused by loss of blood through injuries, burns, and diseases2021/3/1049 SHOCK•SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS•Sweating•Talkative and restless•Face and lips turn pale•Pulse is weak and rapid•Cold and clammy skin (arms and legs)•Unconsciousness•Shallow breathing 2021/3/1050 SHOCK•WHAT TO DO / TREATMENT•Lay patient flat on his back•Check airways, breathing and circulation•Elevate the legs2021/3/1051 SHOCK•Cover the patient with a blanket (don’t overheat)•Give nothing by mouth (absorption of food will not take place, the patient may go to the theatre)•Reassure the patient•Send the patient to the hospital2021/3/1052 UNCONSCIOUSNESS•This is when the brain has been thrown out of its normal working order.2021/3/1053 UNCONSCIOUSNESSLEVELS OR STAGES•Confusion (you may ask the patient a question but he may give a negative answer)2021/3/1054 UNCONSCIOUSNESS•Stupor (patient cannot respond but may respond to painful stimulations)•Coma (no response in any way). Any person in a coma when getting back to consciousness will go through stupor then confusion and back to normal2021/3/1055 CAUSES•Head injuryConcussionCompression•Electric shock•Epilepsy•Convulsions•Heat stroke2021/3/1056 CAUSES•Shock•Extreme Cold•Syncope•Alcohol abuse•Poison•Disease-diabetes, meningitis, cerebral malaria, kidney failure •Hysteria•Asphyxia2021/3/1057 TREATMENT•Lay the patient flat on his back•Check the airways, breathing and circulation•Put the patient in a semi prone position (recovery, coma position)2021/3/1058 TREATMENT•For easy vomiting (in case)•For easy breathing•For quick recovery•Send the patient to hospital on a stretcher in a semi prone position2021/3/1059 ASPHYXIA•This is when there is interference in the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs.•CAUSES •G.E.M.P2021/3/1060 ASPHYXIA•Gases e.g. nitrous fumes, carbon monoxide, sulphurated hydrogen, methane etc.•Electric Shock2021/3/1061 ASPHYXIA•Mechanical obstruction e.g. hanging, drowning, choking, false teeth, blood or torque, smothering•Poison (Nervous) e.g. drugs, snake bites etc2021/3/1062 SIGNS AND SYMTOMS•Gasping for air•Restlessness•Convulsions will follow•Unconsciousness (less oxygen in the brain)•Then breathing will stop2021/3/1063 WHAT TO DORemove the patient from the cause or the cause from the patient•Lay the patient flat on his back•Check the airways, breathing and circulation•Start artificial respiration Mouth to mouth2021/3/1064 WHAT TO DONose to mouthHip roll back pressure•Use instrumentsAmbulance bagBrook airways•Put the patient in a semi prone position and send him to hospital2021/3/1065 GASES•Air may become dangerous due to contamination with gases brought about by:BlastingUnderground firesBurning of explosivesStagnant waterLack of oxygen in ill ventilated area2021/3/1066 GASES•NITROUS FUMES: Liberated when blasting takes place or when burning explosives.SIGNS;- irritating and watering of the nose and eyes, cough and pains in the chest.LATE SIGNS:-Breathlessness and spitting of blood2021/3/1067 GASES•CARBON MONOXIDE: Produced in underground fires and when firing of air compressors.SIGNS; No smell, taste or colour, but very deadly. It causes headaches and giddiness and the legs give away. Victim becomes unconscious, breathing begins to fail, if not treated, he will die2021/3/1068 GASES•SULPHRETTED HYDROGEN:This is gas released stagnant water. SIGN; In low concentrations it has the smell of bad eggs. In high concentrations it deaden the sense of smell. 2021/3/1069 GASESNOTE: A VERY IMPORTANT WARNING IS IRRITATION OF THE EYES AND WHENEVER THIS WARNING IS GIVEN THE AIR MUST BE REGARDED AS DISTINCTLY DANGEROUS2021/3/1070 GASES•Carbon Dioxide (Black Damp)Usually found in disused parts of the mine, may cause suffocation.SIGNS. Gasping for breath and palpitations2021/3/1071 GASES•TREATMENT-Inform the officials-Ventilate the area2021/3/1072 GASES-Cover your nose and mouth with a wet mutton cloth or use the gas mask/ respirators-Control bleeding if any2021/3/1073 GASES-Remove the gassed person to the nearest fresh air.-If breathing has stopped or breathing is poor, start artificial respiration at once.-Mouth to Mouth-Hip roll back pressure method-Ambu bag-CPR mouth piece2021/3/1074 GASES-When he is breathing or has started breathing transport him on the stretcher-NOTE: ALL CASES OF GASSING,MUST BE SENT TO HOSPITAL, WHERE THEY WILL BE KEPT FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS - 2021/3/1075 GASES-REMEMBER THAT SERIOUS SYMPTOMS MAY ONLY DEVELOP HOURS LATER2021/3/1076 。