学术英语理工学术英语理工（第二版）（第二版） 教师手册教师手册 1 Unit 1 Choosing a Topic 1Critical Reading Understanding the text TASK 1 Key words Laypeople, radiation, understanding Objective To investigate lay people’ knowledge of radiation phenomena and risk Methods used Questionnaires and interviews TASK 2 1 Respondents were aware of the harmful health effects of radiation, while they had a little understanding of the concept of radiation. 2 There are a big proportion of respondents who support to continue the production of nuclear power. 3 The mass media plays a very important role in the misunderstanding of radiation. 4 A school program should be designed to analyzing everyday conceptions about radiation. TASK 3 Paras. 1-2 e f b a c h g d Paras. 3-6 k h c d a b e j f i g Para. 7 b c h a d f e g Paras. 8-11 f a i k h g c j b d e Paras. 12-18 d h g f a b c e Paras. 19-20 g c a b i d h e f Paras. 21-28 i j a h k b c g d e f TASK 4 1-5 2 5 4 1 3 6-10 9 7 10 6 8 11-15 13 15 11 14 12 16-20 20 19 18 17 16 21-25 25 23 21 24 22 26-28 27 26 28 TASK 5 1 The answer reveals that the respondents fail to understand that a new nucleus will be produced when a radioactive atom is broken. 2 According to the view of constructivists, a person’s ideas will survive school education and form an important basis for new learning. 3 The solution is to consider lay ideas and combine factual knowledge with practical or political factors. 2 TASK 6 Different types of radioactive elements will make different health effects, according to characteristics of each type. TASK 7 It may be argued that the population should have a sufficient understanding of radiation phenomena to secure individual safety as well as democratic decisions. To attain this, it is necessary for the communicators of radiation information to be familiar with the laypeople’s perceptions of these phenomena. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine non-experts’ conceptions of radiation phenomena. The survey revealed an incomplete understanding of concepts such as radioactive decay, half-life and absorption of radiation and a lack of differentiation of between radiation and radioactive materials. Many respondents did not distinguish between sources of ionising radiation and other environmental hazards. Nuclear power plants and submarines were the most feared sources of radiation. There are indications that the lay understanding of radiation phenomena and risk is to a large extent formed by mass media and that “school knowledge” of these phenomena is not applied in situations belonging to the “real world”. To resolve this problem, new teaching and information procedures are needed. These should take into account the learners’ perceptions and should integrate “school knowledge” with considerations belonging to the “real world”. Enhancing language ability TASK 2 1 betrays, conception 2 renders 3 exemplified, perception 4 prevalent, secure 5 prior to 6 proportion, gloomy 7 alternatives 8 characterized, constitutes, hazard 9 From the standpoint of, ranks 10 external, a prerequisite TASK 3 1 include: contain, embrace, encompass, comprise, be composed of, consist of 2 valid: powerful, convincing, sensible, rational, viable, credible, plausible, weighty, well-founded, cogent, well-grounded 3 basic: underlying, fundamental, essential, root, prime, primary 4 danger:hazard, risk, threat, menace, peril, jeopardize 5 describe: depict, portray, characterize, narrate, outline, represent 6 different: discrepant, contrary, conflicting, contradictory, inconsistent, incompatible, incongruous, various, diverse 7 cause:prompt, move, inspire, stimulate, urge, spur, motivate, induce, evoke, instigate, impel 8 clarify: account for, justify, explain, illuminate, clear up, rationalize, elucidate ,explicate 3 9 highlight: emphasize, stress, accent, feature, underline, spotlight, accentuate, give prominence to, attach importance to, give priority to, underscore 10 factor: component, item, element, ingredient, constituent, contributor Doing research projects TASK 1 1 Solvent, pesticide, smoke, viral aggressions, ultrave radiation and ionizing radiation. 2 Cells could identify the DNA damage, and remove the damaged part and re-synthesis to repair the DNA. 3 The Stochastic effects are not systematic to each person being exposed. Their development could not be predicted by the scale of individual which is opposite from the determinist effect. 4 The healthy surroundings may be exposed to radiation during the treatment. 5 Radiation dose should be keep as low as possible. 2Academic Writing Understanding a research report or research article TASK 2 1 Four. They are problem section, procedures section, result section and discussion section. 2 Because it will contribute to the credibility of the research. 3 It can allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if there is some doubt about your findings. 4 It may evaluate the research results fully, point out what questions remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions 。