ABC of English PoetryABC of English Poetry•ABC of English Poetry•john fang•School of Foreign Languages,•Jiaxing College, PRC Classifications of Poetry• elegy• Lyric poetry ode• sonnet •Poetry ballad folk• Narrative poetry epic art• Blank verse• Free verse(poetry in a form that does not • follow any regular pattern) ABC of English PoetryØ Definition: “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of strong feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”(William Wordsworth )Ø Terms of Poetry(诗歌术语）诗歌术语）Ømetrics (诗的格律诗的格律) 、、 rhyme(诗的押韵诗的押韵)、、 variety、、forms (诗的体式诗的体式) etc.•诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的feelings，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。
诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术 1.Metrics (诗的格律)•“Metrics(格律)是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用 “ˊ”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“o”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开以下是五种常见格式 Foot•Foot: the basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables, but the monosyllabic foot, the sponaic foot (spondee) and the dipodic foot are all modifications of this principle. （音步） Classifications of Foot•Monometer 一音步•Dimeter•Trimeter•tetrameter•Pentameter: line of five feet•Hetameter•Heptameter•OctameterNotes: see as follows. meter: (Gk ‘measure’) refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse, meter is based on stress rather than quantity. A line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses. Metermeter: (Gk ‘measure’) refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse, meter is based on stress rather than quantity. A line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses. Classifications of meter•Trochaic ╲╲ 〇〇•Iambic 〇〇 ╲ ╲•Dactylic ╲ ╲ 〇〇 〇〇•Anapaestic 〇〇 〇〇 ╲ ╲•Amphibrach 〇〇 ╲ ╲ 〇〇 1.1 iambus•1.1 iambus（抑扬格、轻重格）：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
• O / O / O / O /O / O / O / O / As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,So deep / in luve / am I :And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,Till a` / the seas / gang dry:•Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注: art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：• O / O / O / ( O /O / O / O / ( O / ) 1.2 Trochee•1.2 Trochee（扬抑格、重轻格）：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：• / O / O / O / O •Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / brightIn the / forests / of the / night William Blake: The Tyger 1.3 Anapaestic•1.3 Anapaestic （抑抑扬格、轻轻重格）: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
如：三音步抑抑扬格• O O / O O /•Like a child / from the womb,Like a ghost / from the tomb,I arise / and unbuild / it again. 1.4 Dactylic•1.4 Dactylic （扬抑抑格、重轻轻格）: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成如：两音步扬抑抑格• / O O / O O •ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully. -- Thomas Hood 1.5 Amphibrach•1.5 Amphibrach（抑扬抑格、轻重轻格）：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。
如：三音步抑扬抑格下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格 O / O O / O O / O O / •O hush thee / my babie / thy sire was / a knight.•Notes: Sire: (old English) King 2. Rhyme (诗的押韵)ØRhyme is a pattern of words that contain similar sounds. ØThere are 3 main rhymes, end rhyme, alliteration(head rhyme) and internal rhyme.Øcf. rhythm•押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法 2.1 End Rhyme(尾韵)• 尾韵是最常见，最重要的押韵方式 End rhyme occurs at the end of each verse. 2.1.1 AABB型（联韵）型（联韵）•2.1.1 aabb型(联韵, eg. the hero couplet)I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sightCould not follow it in its flight.• --- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song 2.1.2 ABAB型（交叉韵）型（交叉韵）•2.1.2 abab型(交叉韵),常见于(Ballad)民谣和哀歌(elegy,dirge)中。
• Sunset and evening star, a• And one clear call for me! b• And may there be no moaning of the bar, a• When I put out to sea, b • ---Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar Ballad: The Babes in the Wood•Sore sick he was, and like to die, A• No help his life could save; B•His wife by him as sick did lie, A• And both possest one grave. B•No love between these two was lost, • Each was to other kind,•In love they liv’d, in love they died,• And left two babes behind.qA French ballad verse form consisting most often of three eight-line stanzas having the same rhyme pattern. 2.1.3 AAAA (同韵同韵)•2.1.3 aaaa(同韵):押韵为一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
q.v. ) The Rubaiyat•如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚•The woods are lovely, dark and deep,•But I have promises to keep,•And miles to go before I sleep,•And miles to go before I sleep.•Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The Eagle Alfred Tennyson•He clasps the crag with crooked hands;•Close to the sun in lonely lands,•Ringed with the azure world, he stands.•The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;•He watches from his mountain walls,•And like a thunderbolt he falls.• c. 1851•Notes: crag: cliff; azure: deep blue 2.2 Alliteration(头韵)•2.2 Alliteration(头韵)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。
首见于古诗Beowulf 中.•The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,•The furrow followed free,•We were the first that ever burst•Into that silent sea.• T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner 2.3 Internal rhyme (中间韵\内韵）•2.3 Internal rhyme (中间韵\内韵，即同元音）：指词与词之间訽因的重复形成的内部押韵，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛•Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;•Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,•Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:•Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!• Thomas Nash(1567-1601): Spring, the sweet spring 2.4 Other kinds of classificationØOther kinds of classification: eye rhyme, Masculine Rhyme, feminine rhyme, triple rhyme 2.4.1 Eye Rhyme•Definition: Something that looks like a rhyme but isn‘t. 眼韵•Examples: cough ("kof"), enough ("enuf"), bough ("bow") 2.4.2 Masculine Rhyme•Definition: A kind of rhyme where two (or more) words with differing consonant sounds end in identical stressed syllables. •Examples: support, retort, exhort 2.4.3 Feminine Rhyme Definition: A rhyme in which the differing sounds in two (or more) words are followed by stressed rhyming syllables and then by unstressed rhyming syllables. A variant of feminine rhyme is triple rhyme. •Also Known As: double rhyme •Examples: revival, arrival, survival 2.4.4 Triple Rhyme•Definition: A variant of feminine rhyme, where two (or more) words have different consonant sounds followed by identical stressed vowel sounds and then two identical unstressed syllables. •“different consonant sounds + identical stressed vowel sounds + two identical unstressed syllables”•Examples: greenery, machinery, scenery 3. Variety(诗的体式)•有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。
目前我们常见的诗体有：sonnet, limerick, blank verse, free verse. 3.1 Sonnet•1． Sonnet (十四行诗、商籁体)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行 于 意 大 利 ， 意 大 利 彼 特 繽 克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abbaabbacdcdcd (cdecde)前八行提问，后六行回答 continued•之后， Thomas Wyatt （怀亚特,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论 Edmund Spenser（斯宾塞,1552-1599）用韵脚 ababbcbccdcdee莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚ababcdcdefefgg，最后两行通常是一个警句（epigram）十四行诗以莎士比亚所作的最为出名，故称英国体或莎士比亚体 • Sonnet 18 • William Shakespeare •Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? •Thou art more lovely and more temperate: •Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, •And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: •Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, •And often is his gold complexion dimmed; •And every fair from fair sometimes declines, •By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed; •But thy eternal summer shall not fade, •Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest, •Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, •When in eternal lines to time thou growest; • So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, • So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 3.2 Limericks（打油诗）• Limericks（打油诗）：a five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two-line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is aabba with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and rhyming. Some people say that the limerick was invented by soldiers returning from France to the Irish town of Limerick in the 1700's. Example •1) A flea and a fly in a flue• Were caught, so what could they do?• Said the fly, "Let us flee."• “Let us fly,” said the flea.• So they flew through a flaw in the flue.•2) There was a young lady of Nigger• Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;• They returned from the ride• With the lady inside,• And the smile on the face of the tiger. 3.3 Blank Verse•3． Blank Verse（无韵体）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。
eg. John Milton’s poems•Across the watery bale , and shout again,•Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,•And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.•Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild•Of jocund din!• William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy Break, Break, Break Alfred Tennyson•Break, break, break,• On thy cold gray stones, O sea!•And I would that my tongue could utter• The thoughts that arise in me.•O well for fisherman’s boy,• That he shouts with his sister at play!•O well for the sailor lad,• That he sings in his boat on the bay! •And the stately ships go on • To their haven under the hill;•But O for the touch of a vanished hand,• And the sound of a voice that is still!•Break, break, break,• At the foot of thy crags, O sea!•But the tender grace of a day that is dead• Will never come back to me.• 1834 1842•Notes: haven: resting place; crag: cliff 3.4 Free Verse（自由诗）•Free Verse（自由诗）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。
美国诗人Walt Whitman 和Longfellow的诗歌• A Psalm of Life• Henry W.Longfellow•Tell me not in mournful numbers,Life is but an empty dream!For the soul is dead that slumbers,And things are not what they seem.Life is real! Life is earnest!And the grave is not its goal;Dust thou are, to dust thou returnest,Was not spoken of the soul. •Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,Is our destined end or way;But to act, that each tomorrowFind us farther than today.Art is long, and Time is fleeting,And our hearts, though stout and brave,Still, like muffled drums, are beatingFuneral marches to the grave.In the world's broad field of battle,In the bivouac of Life,Be not like dumb, driven cattle!Be a hero in the strife! •Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!Let the dead Past bury its dead!Act, act in the living Present!Heart within, and God o'erhead!Lives of great men all remind usWe can make our lives sublime,And, departing, leave behind usFootprints on the sand of time;Footprints, that perhaps another,Sailing o'er life's solenm main,A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,Seeing, shall take heart again.Let us then be up and doing, With a heart for any fate; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. It is not meters, but a meter---making argument, that makes a poem. Ralph W. EmersonAppreciation of Selected Poems • The Daffodils• William Wordsworth•I wandered lonely as a cloud•That floats on high o’er vales and hills,•When all at once I saw a crowd,•A host of golden daffodils;•Beside the lake, beneath the trees,•Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.•Continuous as the stars that shine•And twinkle on the Milky Way,•They stretched in never-ending line•Along the margin of a bay:•Ten thousand saw I at a glance,•Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. •The waves beside them danced; but they•Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:•A poet could not but be gay,•In such a jocund company:•I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought•What wealth the show to me had brought:•For oft, when on my couch I lie•In vacant or in pensive mood,•They flash upon that inward eye•Which is the bliss of solitude;•And then my heart with pleasure fills,•And dances with the daffodils.qNotes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy •jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful •William Wordsworth（华兹华斯，1770-1850），受教于剑桥大学，于1843年被封为桂冠诗人（Poet Laureate）.十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（Coleridge, Southey 浪漫主义）之一。
此诗描绘了一幅美好的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜悦之情•全诗语言精炼但通俗易懂,为iambic tetrameter，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc•第1节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第2节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态，生机盎然；第3节，诗人看到这景象欣喜万分；第4节写诗人设想在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让他心中充满了欢乐，心就随着水仙翩翩起舞，与莎士比亚的“Parting is such sweet sorrow.”有异曲同工之妙 • Song of Myself• Walt Whitman•I celebrate myself, and sing myself,•And what I assume you shall assume,•For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.•I loafe and invite my soul,•I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.•My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air,•Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,•I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,•Hoping to cease not till death.•Creeds and schools in abeyance,•Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.•I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.•Nature without check with original energy.•Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说，流派 hazard:chance•abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time • Walt Whitman （惠特曼, 1819-1892），美国诗人。
此自由诗选自其诗集《草叶集》本文是Song of Myself 诗的第一部分，语言与当时的美国口语接近• 诗中作者采用第一人称的叙述手法I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中• 诗歌的欣赏关键要抓住诗中的意象，了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意读者在阅读过程中才能感受到诗歌带来的美，获取精神上的共鸣 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by Christopher Marlowe (1363-1593) From Francis T. Palgrave, ed. (1824–1897). The Golden Treasury. 1875.•COME live with me and be my Love,• And we will all the pleasures prove• That hills and valleys, dale and field, valley• And all the craggy mountains yield. To be continued •There will we sit upon the rocks 5•And see the shepherds feed their flocks,•By shallow rivers, to whose falls•Melodious birds sing madrigals. love songs •There will I make thee beds of roses• And a thousand fragrant posies, 束 10•A cap of flowers, and a kirtle garment•Embroider‘d all with leaves of myrtle. 桃金娘科植物 continued• A gown made of the finest wool garment • Which from our pretty lambs we pull,• Fair linèd slippers for the cold, 15• With buckles of the purest gold. (带子上) 搭扣 •A belt of straw and ivy buds• With coral clasps and amber studs: 琥珀色•And if these pleasures may thee move,•Come live with me and be my Love. 20 continued•Thy silver dishes for thy meat• As precious as the gods do eat,• Shall on an ivory table be•Prepared each day for thee and me.• •The shepherd swains shall dance and sing pursuer 25•For thy delight each May-morning:•If these delights thy mind may move,•Then live with me and be my Love. Spring, the Sweet Spring • Thomas Nashe (1567-1601 / England) •Spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! •The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,In every street these tunes our ears do greet:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to witta-woo! •译文一（郭沫若译）•郊原荡漾香风，雏菊吻人脚踵，•情侣作对成双，老妪（音玉）坐晒阳光，•走向任何通衢，都有歌声悦耳，•啁啁(音昭)、啾啾（音纠）、哥哥、割麦，插一禾！•译文三（曾冲明译）•田野草木飘香，雏菊吻我双脚；•青年情侣幽会，老妇坐晒阳光。
•无论大街小巷，都有鸟声悦耳：•“布谷！布谷谷！啾啾！求求哥！”•此诗比较难译而又值得探讨的是几个模仿鸟叫的象声词•按词典，Cuckoo是“布谷鸟叫声”, jug-jug是“夜莺的叫声”, 词典未见象声词pu或pu-we，,词典也未见象声词to—witta- -woo!，当然并不排斥诗人可以自造象声词但诗人用了现成的词汇we（我们）和woo（求爱，求婚），看来不是无意的吧？！因此我把Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu---we, to---witta---woo!译成六个一语双关的象声词：“布谷！呱呱！谷谷！啾啾！求求！哥哥！”为了诗句整齐，修改为“布谷！布呱谷！啾啾！求求哥！”，后来修改成“布谷！快布谷！啾啾！求求哥！”最后修改成“布谷！布谷谷！啾啾！求求哥！”这样就兼顾了两方面：既保持象声词的特点，又表示了“播种”与“求爱”两层意思这良苦用心，不知读者以为如何？ The Rubaiyat “柔巴依体柔巴依体”•“柔巴依/鲁拜体”这个名称源自阿拉伯语，意为“四行诗”，是一种存世已久的古典抒情诗形式它初现于9、10世纪，并在11世纪中叶达到繁盛格律独特，适于吟咏其最基本的特征是：每首四行，独立成篇；押韵方式与中国绝句相似，为AABA或AAAA；每个诗行由五个音韵构成；而诗的内容则往往涉及哲理。
参见欧玛尔·海亚姆的《柔巴依集》（The Rubaiyat） The Rubaiyat•8•Whether IN Naishapur or Babylon, a•Whether the Cup with sweet or bitter run, a•The Wine of Life keeps oozing drop by drop, b•The Leave of Life keeps falling one by one. a•This is the 8th of The Rubaiyat, English version published by Edward Fitzgerald in 1859. Ballad•Ballad, the word derives from the late Latin and Italian ballare ‘to dance’. Fundamentally a ballad is a song that tells a story and originally was a musical accompaniment to a dance. The Robin hood and Border Ballads are Robin Hood and the Monk, Chevy Chase, Johnnie Armstrong, Captain Car etc.Ø Basic characteristics:• (a) the beginning is often abrupt; (b) the language is simple, (c) the story is told through dialogue and action, (d) the theme is often tragic (though there are a number of comic ballads) (e) there is often a refrain.(f) the rhyme scheme is usually abcb; sometimes abab.(g) the 1st and 3rd lines are four feet , 2nd and 4th lines 3 feet. continued•Rise up, rise up, my seven brave sons, a• And dress in your armour so bright; b Earl Douglas will hae Lady Margaret awa c Before that it be light. bØNotes: It is from Earl Brand the bits of Scottish dialect in phrases such as "hae" for have and "awa" for away. ElegyØThe elegy, a type of lyric poem, is usually a formal lament for someone's death. The term elegy is sometimes used more widely. In antiquity it referred to anything written in elegiac meter, which consisted of alternating lines of pentameter and hexameter.ØThe category can include the threnody, the monody, the dirge, and the pastoral elegy. The last of these, an important Renaissance form, combines elements of the verse pastoral with the elegiac subject. In Memoriam• Alfred Tennyson•Old yew, which graspest at the stones, a•That name the under-lying dead. b•Thy fibres net the dreamless head, b•Thy roots are wrapt about the bones. a•In Memoriam of A. H. Hallam•Notes: Octosyllabic quatrain ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCH-YARD• Thomas Gray (1716-71)•The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,And all the air a solemn stillness holds,Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds:•Notes: curfew:宵禁； tinkle 叮当声 After the Apple-picking•My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a treeToward heaven still,And there's a barrel that I didn't fillBeside it, and there may be two or threeApples I didn't pick upon some bough.But I am done with apple-picking now.Essence of winter sleep is on the night,The scent of apples: I am drowsing off.I cannot rub the strangeness from my sightI got from looking through a pane of glassI skimmed this morning from the drinking trough •And held against the world of hoary grass.It melted, and I let it fall and break.But I was wellUpon my way to sleep before it fell,And I could tellWhat form my dreaming was about to take.Magnified apples appear and disappear,Stem end and blossom end,And every fleck of russet showing clear.My instep arch not only keeps the ache,It keeps the pressure of a ladder-round.I feel the ladder sway as the boughs bend. •And I keep hearing from the cellar binThe rumbling soundOf load on load of apples coming in.For I have had too muchOf apple-picking: I am overtiredOf the great harvest I myself desired.There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch,Cherish in hand, lift down, and not let fall.For all •That struck the earth,No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble,Went surely to the cider-apple heapAs of no worth.One can see what will troubleThis sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is.Were he not gone,The woodchuck could say whether it's like hisLong sleep, as I describe its coming on,Or just some human sleep. Rhythm•Rhythm is "a movement with uniform recurrence of a beat or accent." In its crudest form rhythm has a beat with little or no meaning. Savages repeat strongly marked syllables to evoke a charm or magic- spell; children use them in games and counting-out rhymes. In poetry, rhythm, broadly speaking, is a recognizable pulse, or "recurrence," which gives a distinct beat to a line and also gives it a shape. •One, two,•Buckle my shoe.•Three, four,•Shut the door. couplet•Couplet: two successive lines of verse; equal in length and with rhythm. 对句 Quatrain•Quatrain: verse of four lines. Refrain•Refrain: a repeated word, phrase, line or group of lines normally at some fixed position in a poem written in stanzaic form. Stanza•Stanza: group of rhymed lines forming a division in some form of poem. Poetry Avant-Garde•Avant-Garde•Modern Trends’ influence,•esp.Imagism’s•Eg. John Hollander (b. 1929)• Swan and Shadow (c.1969) Joyce Kilmer t t t t r r r r r r r r r r e e e e e e e e e ? ? ? e e Cummingsl(a le af fa ll s) one l iness Siesta of a Hungarian Snake s sz sz SZ sz SZ sz SZ zs SZ zs zs z •C. 1968•Edwin Morgan (b. 1920) 。