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1、,短文写作,第2讲 议论性质文体,总体而言，议论性质文体是湖北近几年来高考写作的主流形式之一。它针对现实生活的种种问题，运用逻辑思维，通过说理和列举事例，阐明人们或作者的观点、主张和见解。此文体的命题形式多样，话题广泛。如何写好此类书面表达，必须弄清两方面的问题：篇章结构及特定的语言表达方式。,“一分为二”的观点阐述型，即A说，B说；或A说，B说，C说模式。 如2004年高考湖北卷书面表达“学习英语要不要从儿童时期开始”, 根据提示有两种不同意见。再如2006年高考陕西卷写作题“讨论假期计划”, 除阐明两种不同看法外还要求陈述自己的看法。 “我认为 ” 的自我观点阐述型。 如2005年高考湖北
2、卷书面表达“回国工作征求意见”，及2008年高考四川卷书面表达“ What Can I Do for Our Environment?”等。,“一分为二” 的观点阐述型(如2004年湖北卷)，常用的篇章结构为： 段1陈述人们对“主题”的观点; 段2陈述不同的观点（注意：可分成两段阐述，也可只写一段）; 段3阐明自己的观点或进行总结。 “我认为” 的自我观点阐述型(如2005年湖北卷)，常用的篇章结构为： 第一段提出论点，对个人观点进行概述； 第二段具体分析自己的观点； 第三段概括自己的观点。,1. 开头：,开头句根据要求要写得漂亮一点，要用一些好的套用语。开头句既要好，要切中主题，又要精彩，忌
3、省略更忌啰嗦。,高考议论性质的书面表达有其特定的语言表达方式，如何开头，如何展开话题陈述及如何结尾均有其一定的规律。,1. 开头：,常见开头用语： There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not There are different opinions among people on/as toSome people suggest that Different students have different ideas onTheir opinions fall into two groups as follows. Recent
4、ly we have had a heated discussion on whether Opinions are divided on the question. Recently a survey has been done to find out A recent study shows that nearly 50 percent of school kids Peoples opinions/ views aboutvary from person to person.,2. 话题展开及过渡：,常用的过渡词： 举例: for example, for instance, take
5、for example, such as, like， and so on，so on and so forth等。 说明: thats to say，in other words，namely等。 因果: so，for，therefore，as a result，as a consequence, consequently, thus，because，because of ，thanks to ， owing to ，due to 等。 递进: then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, whats more等。 顺序: firstly,
6、secondly, thirdly, finally; in the first/second/ Third place, last; to begin with, then, finally；to start with, next, in addition, finally；first and foremost, besides, last but not least; most important of all, moreover, finally等。,任何一篇文章都离不开篇章纽带的起承转合，尤其是高考英语书面表达。因此，话题展开的关键和作文的出彩在于过渡词(transitional wo
7、rds)运用得恰到好处。,2. 话题展开及过渡：,常用的过渡词： 转折: nevertheless, however, although, though, but，on the contrary， after all, oppositely等。 总结: in short, in a word, in general, generally speaking, finally， at last， as far as I know， in brief， briefly speaking, in the end, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, on
8、 the whole, in conclusion, therefore等。 强调: really, indeed， certainly， surely， for sure, above all等。 对比: in the same way， just as， in common with, compared with, on the one hand on the other hand, for one thing for another， similarly等。 平行: and， both and ， as well as， as well， neither nor ， either or
9、， not only but also 等。,3. 观点陈述：,常用套用语: A. 赞成: It is commonly (generally/widely/universally) thought (believed /agreed/accepted/held) that Some people hold the view (belief/idea/opinion) that I think it wise/suitable /necessary /better/fit to do 70% of the people who were surveyed are in favor of Tho
10、se who favor the idea think The majority of people believe that ,先提出观点作为主题句, 再用具体的材料来论证说明该主题。,3. 观点陈述：,常用套用语: B. 说明原因： The main reason (why they ) is that / is based on , because /because of , not only in terms of but also in terms of These people point out the fact that These people say that It see
11、ms that many people are under the impression that ,3. 观点陈述：,常用套用语: C. 反对： More (around ), however, insist that main consideration should be given to , for they argue that However, those who are against the idea think /believe that While others think People, however, differ in their opinions on this
12、matter. Nevertheless/On the contrary, some people disapprove of it. But the others disagree with them.,3. 观点陈述：,常用套用语: D. 发表个人意见： As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter/ former opinion. I fully agree with the statement that because In my opinion/view, the reasons are as follows. First Sec
13、ond Last but not the least Personally, I share these peoples points of view. Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because Personally, I disagree with the point of view for the following reasons.,4. 结尾：,结尾一般是全文对其主题的归纳，要运用联想、对比等方法进行“适当的发挥”，以求能总结全文，简洁扣题。好结尾能给阅卷老师留有一个很好、很完整的印象，
14、能使全文增色。结尾可以是一段，也可以是一句或几句话。,4. 结尾：,常用结束语： In short, have not arrived at any agreement yet. As everyone knows, every coin has two sides. It is difficult to say whether it is good or not, as it depends very much on the situation of However, from a personal point of view, I find From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that With the development of society, its urgent and necessary to If we can not take useful measures, we can not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come up unexpectedly, so what we should do is ,感谢观赏！,
