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1、英语国家概况,The United States of America,Chapter 11,Economy,The United States of America,Think about these questions before we start: What industrial developments took place during the colonial period of America? How did the Civil War affect the American economy? Why does America try to reduce trade barr
2、iers?,Warming-up Activities,Contents,USthe current industrial, economic and technological giant ranking first in computer technology, space technology, nuclear energy, and electronics, etc.; producing a major portion of the worlds machinery, automobiles, oil, electrical energy, and chemicals. Mixed
3、economy emphasizing private ownership federal governmentregulating businesses anti-trust laws, General Introduction,Private businesses produce most goods and services. Two thirds of the output goes to individuals; One third is bought by government and business. “Consumer economy”, General Introducti
4、on, History of American Economy,1,2,3,1. The Colonial Period,Massachusettssettled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecution Other colonieslike Virginia and Pennsylvania, founded as business ventures contribution to Englands colonizing process of the would-be United States charter companies King pr
5、ovided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority,1. The Colonial Period,Mayflower, the ship that carried the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established the first permanent New England colony in 1620.,1. The Colonial Period
6、,English investors turned over colonial charters to the settlers.,enormous political implications Colonists were left to build their own lives, communities, and economy, that is, to construct their new nation,1. The Colonial Period,appearance of sawmills (锯木场) and gristmills (磨房) shipyardsbuilding f
7、ishing fleets and trading vessels small iron forges (冶炼厂),Secondary industries (二级产业),Gristmill,Iron forge,1. The Colonial Period,Clear regional patterns of development by the 18th century: New Englandship-building and sailing; Maryland, Virginia, and Carolinastobacco, rice and indigo (靛蓝属植物); New Y
8、ork, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delawareshipped crops and furs; The field was open for entrepreneurs (企业家、创业者) among the colonists to establish themselves.,1. The Colonial Period,Disputes over taxation and other matters with Britain: Americansmodification (减轻) of taxes and regulations; demand for
9、more self-government Mounting quarrelleading to war against the British and to independence for the colonies American Revolution: bolstered (支持、支撑) by an emerging middle class rallying cry“inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property”,1. The Colonial Period,2. Since American Independence,U.S. C
10、onstitution established the nation as a unified market. no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce; Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, es
11、tablish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents (专利权、专利品) and copyrights. “intellectual property”,Alexander Hamiltons economic development strategy,2. Since American Independence,nurture infant industries by providing overt subsidies (公开的补贴) impose protective tariffs (保护性关税) on impor
12、ts create a national bank assume public debts,Alexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.,The new government did make tariffs an essential part of American foreign policy. President Jackson opposed to Hamiltons na
13、tional bank. When elected for a second term, Jackson opposed renewing the banks charter. Businesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.,2. Since American Independence,The Industrial Revolution By 1860, one third of the nations income came from manufacturing; Cotton cloth production was the leading indus
14、try; Urbanized industrylimited to the Northeast; Immigrant workers Between 1845 and 1855, some 300, 000 European immigrants arrived annually.,2. Since American Independence,Urban Industrialization,Textile Plant,2. Since American Independence,The Southrural and dependent on the North for capital and
15、manufactured goods Economic policy under President Lincoln:,2. Since American Independence,In 1861, adoption of a protective tariff In 1862, the first Pacific railroad was chartered. In 1863 and 1864, a national bank code (银行代码) was drafted.,Northern victory in the Civil Warensured the destiny of th
16、e nation and its economic system slavery system was abolished, making southern cotton plantations less profitable; Northern industry surged ahead: Industrialists domination in social and political affairs Disappearance of the southern planter aristocracy (贵族) “Second industrial revolution”,2. Since American Independence,“Second industrial revolution” an explosion of new discoveries and inventions: The discovery of oil; The development of typewriter; The invention o
