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1、词类,Parts of speech: one of the traditional categories (类别，分类，范畴) of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context. word class / form class,实义词 Content words / Notional Words (a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned ),结构词 Structural Words /Function words (a word th
2、at is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning ),名词：tree, city, teacher,动词：be, study, see,形容词：new, good,代词：we, some,词类 Parts of speech,副词：very, quickly,数词 ：one, first,冠词 ：a, an, the,介词 ：of, in, on,连词：and, or, but,感叹词 ：oh, hello,词形变化,Noun: a word that can be u
3、sed to refer to a person or place or thing,Focuses： count nouns vs non-count nouns (可数名词与不可数名词的区分) collective nouns (集体名词的用法) number forms of count nouns (可数名词的数) genitive case of nouns (名词的属格),1. classification of nouns 2. functions of nouns 3. plural forms of count nouns 4. non-count nouns + s 5.
4、genitive case of nouns,名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词（based on lexical meaning）。专有名词 proper noun 是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称。如Beijing，China。普通名词 common noun 是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness 。 普通名词又可分为以下四类：1）个体名词 individual noun ：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2）集体名词 collective noun：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词 mass noun ：表示无法分为个体的实
5、物，如：air。4）抽象名词 abstract noun ：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词 count(able) noun ；专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词 non-count(able) noun 。（based on grammatical forms）,1. Classification of nouns,Classification of nouns：,1.名词在句子中主要充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、介词宾语和同位语。Work is struggle. We love our mot
6、herland. They elected him monitor. They have gone to a concert. You guys should keep quiet.2.名词有时候在句子中充当状语，大多表示时间、距离、重量、价格、温度和倍数等意义。He watched TV last night. This box weighed 20 kilograms.,2. 名词的句法功能,3.名词作定语1）名词用作定语，通常表示材料、用途或内容等。a blood type a gold watch a room number a tea cup a war story a peace
7、movement a football match2）有时候名词作定语要加 ed 或与名词、形容词、数词组成复合词。表示人或事物的特征、状态。Among the blind people, the one-eyed man is the king. Many old people dislike the fast-paced modern life.3) 名词常和数词一起组成作定语的复合结构。有以下三种形式：a) a three-week holidayb) a three weeks holidayc) a holiday of three weeks,holiday monkey,3.1
8、可数名词复数的规则变化,3. 可数名词复数,1） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：potato tomato negro hero cargo volcano echokimono piano solo photo kilo dynamo (发电机）autobamboo studio radio zoo,3.2 名词复数的不规则变化,a. 加es,c. 元音字母+ o的单词加s,b. 某些外来词加 s,2） 以f或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时：half knife leaf wolfwife life thiefbelief roof cliff chiefsafe gulf proof3）沿用古英
9、语的形式（单词的元音发生变化）child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice louselice man-men woman-women goosegeese ox-oxen,a. 多数是去f，fe 加ves，如：,b. 但有些单词只加s，如：,4）部分来自拉丁、希腊语的名词的复数特殊变化analysis analyses crisiscrises basis - bases thesistheses hypothesishypotheses datum medium stratum(层次） bacterium (细菌）criterion phen
10、omenon formula alumna (女校友） antennanucleus radius focus terminus (终点） 以上红色的外来词有两种复数形式：不规则的外来复数形式多来自 于科技语言；规则的英语复数形式常见于日常英语。,a. sis - ses,b. uma,c. on-a,d. +e,e. usi,5) 有些名词单、复数同形,动物,某些国人,某些以S结 尾的名词,craft及其合成词,deer fish sheep swine (猪) trout (鲑鱼) buffalo (buffalos) giraffe (giraffes) peacock (peacock
11、s) shark (sharks),Chinese Japanese Portuguese Swiss,barracks(营房) headquarters works(工厂) crossroads series species means,aircraft spacecraft hovercraft,集体名词的用法:有些集体名词作为整体是单数；作为成员是复数 family class group team union government jury public audience army committee crew faculty e.g.: Almost every family in
12、the village has a man in the army.My family are early risers.有些集体名词只能用复数形式： police mankind people cattle poultrye.g.: Extra police are needed.(a policeman a person a cow a hen),6）名词单复数的常见考点,有些个体名词只有复数形式：表示成双成对的东西：trousers glasses spectacles scissors 表示数量很多的东西：clothes belongings savings wages surroun
13、dings（环境）部分表示学科的名词虽然以s 结尾单却作单数：physics economics politics mathematics electronics statistics,汉语可数名词英语为不可数名词：baggage luggage clothing equipment thread money furniture information knowledge works advice news food bread meat sugarprogress有些名词在习惯用语中常以复数形式出现：Jim is friends with Tom.Do you want to change
14、places with me?Give my regards to Jack. make preparations for hurt ones feelingsbe all smiles take sideshave words with,brother-in-law commander-in-chief looker-onpasser-by,1)一般都加在主体词上。,2) 如果无主体词，则将复数形式加在最后。,3)有个别合成名词，其复数形式要求构成部分都作相应的变化。,3.3 复合名词的复数形式,a woman doctor a man servant,go-between,部分不可数名词，
15、+ s 后，意思发生改变。常见的有：advices 通知 airs 傲气 arms 武器 authorities 当局 attentions 殷勤 brains 智力 conditions 条件 contents 目录 customs 海关 damages 赔偿金 emotions 情绪 expectations 前程 experiences 经历 forces 军队 grounds 宅邸 irons 熨斗，镣铐 manners 礼貌 pains 努力 papers 文件 regards 问候 sands 沙滩studies 书房 spirits 酒精，兴致 times 时代 waters 水域 works 作品，工厂 sympathies 慰问,
