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1、非谓语动词之分词,非谓语动词包括分词,不定式和动名词，先看分词。 分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，属于非谓语动词（不作谓语的动词）。 现在分词时态语态：,1.现在分词作定语表动作正在进行（主动），过去分词强调完成（被动）。 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 分词
2、作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists,典型例题 1） The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. have written B. to be written C. being written D
3、. written 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written 2）Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：Whats the language （which is） spoken in German?,分词作状语 分词作状语，可以表示时间
4、，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如： 1. Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。 =As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. 2. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 =If more attention was given, the trees could have grown
5、better.,典型例题 1）_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2）There was a terrible
6、noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。,3）_, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个
7、状语从句 When it is heated， 注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。,注意：有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if， though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：
8、While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同） Before empolyed, all the workers must have a trial period of six month. 被聘用前，所以员工都必须有六个月的试用期。（employ 的主语是workers.),分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如： I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。 Ill have my wat
9、ch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。 分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如： He is quite exhausted(感到-的）. The job is a exhausting(令人-的) one. She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。,注意：分词作补语时和不帯to 的不定式的不同： I saw him go upstairs. (过程） 1. I saw him going upstairs. (动作） 2. She fel
10、t the tears roll down her cheeks. 2. She felt the tears rolling down her cheeks. “have” 作“使”的含义时，用不定式；当“允许”时，可接分词，可接不定式。 What would you have me do? Have Smith come and see me. I wont have you say such things. 3. I wont have you saying such things.,分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally sp
11、eaking 一般说来talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）,分词的时态 1）
12、一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如： Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题 The secretary worked late into the night, _a long speech for the president. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked
13、和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。,2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如： 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。 Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 典型例题 _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C.
14、 Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.,现在分词的被动式： The house being built is a big project.(现在分词的一般式的被动式，用作定语） This having been said, let
15、 us return to the topic. 道完了此事，我们言归正传吧。（现在分词完成式被动式） 现在分词的否定式： Not seeing John, I asked where he was. I left at noon, not knowing what had happened. Not being seen by anyone, I left. Not having done it right, I tried again.,注意：分词要与逻辑主语保持一致： 1.He was lying on the couch, enjoying his pipe烟斗. 2. Questio
16、ned by the police, he made no reply. 但少数情况下，分词可以不和主语一致： Walking or sleeping, this question was always in my mind. using the electric energy, it is convenient for our life.,现在分词和过去分词的比较： 现在分词表主动；过去分词表被动： Exploiting classes 剥削阶级 Exploited classes 被剥削阶级 A moving film 动人的电影 A moved audience 被感动的观众 An interesting book 有趣的书 An interested reader 感兴趣的读者,现在分词表未完成；过去分词表完成 Boiling water 正在煮沸的水 Boiled water 已煮沸的水 Developing countries 发展国家 Developed countries 发达国家 Falling leaves 正在落得树叶 Fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶,
