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1、E-C Translation 02,1. Translation Strategies 2. Style and Translation 3. Major Differences between English and Chinese,1.TranslationStrategies Literal translation domesticating & foreignizing,I. literal translation (word-for-word translation),Literal Translation means word-for-word translation. It t
2、akes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. A more accurate, but less well-k
3、nown, label for this approach is formal equivalence translation. Because literal translation focuses on forms of language, it sometimes misses some of the meaning of those forms, since meaning is found not only in the forms of individual words, but also in relationships among words, phrases, idiomat
4、ic uses of words, and influences of speaker-hearer, cultural, and historical contexts. Words often have different meanings in different contexts, but a literal translation often does not account for these differences. So literal translation often is not the most accurate form of translation.,谈到直译和意译
5、时，人们常常用英文词语literal translation 和freetranslation。此时人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真；而意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上，赞成直译和意译的均有人在，初期佛典翻译中的文质说，唐代玄奘的“求真”与“喻俗”，近代有严复的“信达雅”及鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”与赵景深的“宁顺而不信”等，都是从直译和意译的角度来探讨翻译的原则。,Free translation is an alternative approa
6、ch which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation.,II Free Translation (liberal translatio
7、n),What is free translation?,1) Adams apple 2) at sixes and sevens 3) It rains cats and dogs (elephants and whales). 4) Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 5) Do you see any green in my eye? 6) a nuclear family 7) It was an old and ragged moon. 8) Last night I heard him driving his pigs to mar
8、ket. 9) He is being a good boy now. 10) They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them.,Free Translation,For examples:,NOTES: “直译”不等于“死译”，试比较： 直译与死译 原文结构与汉语的结构是一致的，照译即可。但如果原文结构与汉语的不一致，仍然采取直译的方法，就成为“死译”了。如： In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化
9、工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译） B. The earth acts like a big magnet地球作用着像一块大磁铁。（死译）,II. 归化与异化,翻译的归化/异化 (domesticating translation and foreignizing translation)是在1995年由美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）所提出的，而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher（施莱尔马赫）1813年宣读的一篇论文。Schleiermacher着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系，指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者（异化），另一种是让作者靠近读者（归化
10、）。如果让读者靠近作者的语境，他就能感受到异国的情调。归化和异化是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。从19世纪70年代到20世纪70年代，我国的文学翻译除“五四”后十余年异化译法一度占上风外，大部分时间还是以归化译法为主调。20世纪最后20年，中国翻译界受西方翻译理论的启发，对异化、归化进行了重新思考，异化译法开始受到重视。,归化(domestication)：在译文中把源语的文化观念和价值观，用目的语中的文化观念和价值观来替代，特别是把原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等用相应的目的语中的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩来替代。异化(foreignization)：在译文中保留源语的文化观
11、念和价值观，特别是保留原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等。,Kill two birds with one stone.,归化 意译 异化,一箭双雕,一举两得,一石二鸟,谋事在人，成事在天。,霍译：Man proposes, God disposes. 杨译：Man proposes, Heaven disposes.,用归化法翻译下列习语,1. Strike while the iron is hot. 2. go through fire and water 3. add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames 4. an ass in a l
12、ions skin 5. a wolf in sheeps clothing 6. kill two birds with one stone 今日事，今日毕/拖延就是浪费时间. 千锤百炼 推波助澜 伪装成朋友的敌人;貌善心毒的人,伪君子 一箭双雕,一举二得,二全齐美,用异化法翻译下列习语,1. armed to the teeth 2. an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 3. a wolf in sheeps clothing 4. kill two birds with one stone 5. All roads lead to Rome.,2
13、. Style and Translation,Translation strategy has much to do with the style of the source text. The following is the table of Degression of Formal Equivalence (1998: 28):,Conclusions,By the 1980s, Chinese scholars seem to have reached a general consensus which favors literal translation wherever poss
14、ible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice. Translation practice has proven that literal translation and free translation are not contradictory but complementary.,3. Major Differences between English and Chinese,A. Hypotactic vs paratactic （形合与意合）,Hypotactic-the depe
15、ndent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, “I shall die if you dont come”（复句中成分之间的关系用连接词来连接）. Paratactic-The arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the logical relation between them. (分句与分句之间不用连接词来表示相互之间的逻辑关系). English tend
16、s to be hypotactic while Chinese tends to be paratactic. We should remember the tendency in the two languages is relative not absolute. The structure of English is compared to a tree with various branches on different levels, while Chinese is compared to a bamboo with one part after another.,两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体说来，在英语中，主干突出，即主谓机制突出，名词尤其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。如：,
