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1、1English for Biology Students主讲教师：王沛政手机：手机：1878938681918789386819 办公室：办公室： 电子邮箱：电子邮箱：1437021451QQ.com1437021451QQ.com课堂点名课堂点名10 %10 % 提问提问10 %10 % 平时作业平时作业 10 %10 % 期末闭卷考试期末闭卷考试 70%70%4Lesson oneInside the living cell: Structure and function of internal cell parts561.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile f
2、actory 细胞质：动力工厂cytoplasm ：n.生细胞质cytoplasmic : adj.生细胞质的organelle: n.生细胞器cytoskeleton : n.细胞骨架7Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane.生命的大部分特
3、征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞的大部分物质由半流体物质组成，并且是由细胞膜（原生 质膜）包被。8Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质 中溶解了大量的营养物质，
4、离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细 胞生理需求的其它物质。92. The nucleus: information central 细胞核：信息中心 The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，在其染色体上携带有遗传 物质（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。10nucleus
5、 n. 细胞核 eukaryote n.真核生物eukaryotic adj. 真核状态的 chromosome n.生物染色体prokaryote n. 原核生物 hereditary adj. 遗传(性)的nucleoid n.生类核,拟核nucleolus n.核仁 Nucleoli： nucleolus 的复数 Perforate vt.穿孔于, 打眼洞于; 刺贯穿于；打一排孔于(邮票 等)以便于撕开 ribosome n.生化核糖体11The nucleus also contains one or two organelles the nucleolithat play a rol
6、e in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.细胞核也含有一或二个核仁，它在细胞分裂中发挥作用（ 核仁促进细胞分裂）。穿孔的囊状核被膜将细胞核及其内 容物与细胞质分开. 核膜贯穿许多小孔 12Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and riboso
7、mes must enter and exit via the pores.小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。13143. Organelles: Specialized Work Units 细胞器：特殊的功能单元 All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器 在细胞里都有其特定功能。 1516s
8、tudded v.布满颗粒,打上装饰钉,镶嵌 steroid n.生化类固醇sterd shunt v.逃避， 调开 Phagocytosis n. 吞噬作用、胞吞作用 Pinocytosis n. 胞饮作用 Lysosome 溶酶体 Mitochondria 线粒体Glossary（术语表） of part 317leucoplast n.白色体 lju:kplst Chromoplast n.植色素母细胞, 成色素细胞; 有色体 chloroplast n.植叶绿体 grana granum的复数gren Granum n. 植叶绿体基粒 stroma n. 基质18Organelles
9、described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶 酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。 19The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantit
10、y reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. 细胞里的核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千. 这个数量反应了这个事 实:核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质（细胞活动所需要的） 的重要场 所。 完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。20During
11、 protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome.在蛋白质合成的过程中,核糖体的两个亚基沿着mRNA移动,并阅读遗传密码（编码于其中的遗传信
12、息），翻译成蛋白质。多个核 糖体可能附着于一条mRNA链上，这个结合体称为多聚核糖体。2122Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.大多数细胞蛋白是在细胞质的核糖体上合成。分泌蛋白 （输出蛋白）和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。光滑内质网 上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒
13、 物质的氧化。23The endoplamic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. 内质网，带有花边的膜囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑 和粗糙面区别。两种类型的内质网都在蛋白质的合成和运 输中发挥作用。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。24The RER, which is studd
14、ed with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroid and in the oxidation of toxic substance in the cell.糙面内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能是细胞分裂后核 被膜的来源,光面内质网上缺乏核糖体，主要作用是在脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化过程中起作用。25Both
15、types of endoplamic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell. Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous membrns organelle, t
16、he Golgi complex. 两种类型的内质网如同细胞内的一个车间,将特殊的产 物分离,然后分选到细胞内外的特殊区域.两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。运输小泡能 够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。26Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm. 在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞 质中的其他场所。27Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are
