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1、 LISTENING SKILLSProf.Meenakshi GuptaDept. of Humanities Concentrate and understand long speechesIdentify the level of formalityDeduce incomplete informationDeduce unfamiliar vocabularyOral Discourse AnalysisnIs the process of identifying relationships among different units within the speech or oral
2、 message:nCritical skillsnAttitude analysisnInferential skillsListening to structured talksnPre-listening analysis-determining the purpose, knowing your speakern Predicting about the content of a verbal messagenUsing background knowledgenIntensive listeningIntensive ListeningnListening to the introd
3、uction?What is the position, knowledge, background, experience of the speaker?What is his credibility?What is the overall purpose of the talk?What is the central idea or theme?What is the overall structure?What does the speaker intend to do?What are the main points of the talk?Intensive listening (C
4、ont)2. Listening to the BodyContains the main message-pay attentionConcentrate on verbal signpostsRecognise main supporting details of the oral messageConcentrate on visual aidsIntensive Listening ( Cont)3. Listening to the conclusionUnderstand the main themes of the verbal messageRecognise the spea
5、kers focus of the talkConcentrate on what the speaker wants the listeners to do, or rememberSignal PhrasesPurpose of the speaker Signal phrases* Introduces a topicToday, Id like to talk about, What I am going to discuss is * Develops an ideaIf we critically examine the situation, The most significan
6、t point is * Emphasises a pointI am sure you will agree with me, Id like to emphasise * Contrasts several ideasOn the other hand., In contrast, * Shows transition of ideasMy next point is* ConcludesFinally, Id like to sum upLogical Connectors and Transitional SignalsPurpose of the speakerLogical con
7、nectorsAdds a pointMoreover, in additioncomparesSimilarly, likewise contrastsIn contrast, However, Shows segmentationRight, OK, And, Now, Thats allExemplifiesIn other words, For instanceTemporalEventually, For the time being, Before Explains Therefore, ThusEffective Note MakingNote making is essenti
8、al in college:vFor lectures, which are a highly condensed methods of passing on information vFor reading, because what you dont write down, you dont rememberEffective Note Making (Cont.)Note making is a skill:vMost people feel deficient vIt can be learned vThis takes understanding of what youre doin
9、g vIt takes practice, which involves effort Effective Note Making (Cont.)Note making is difficult because:vSpoken language is more diffuse than written vSpeakers organization is not immediately apparent vImmediate feedback seldom occurs vSpoken language is quickly gone vThis makes analysis difficult
10、 Five purposes for note making:nProvides a written record for review nProvides a definite, limited learning task nForces you to pay attention nRequires organization, and active effort on the part of the listener nListener must condense and rephrase, which aids understandingSequencenListen and focus
11、on meaning nEvaluate what is being said nIs it relevant to your purpose? What are the high points?nRecord the information nMake use of itPhysical factorsSeating vNear the front and center - easier to see and hear vAvoid distractions - doorways, windows, glare; friends, foes Materials vLoose leaf not
12、ebook: lies flat - organization and additions areeasier vTwo pens, wide-lined, easy-eye paper; use dividers vCourse, date, and topic clearly labeledBefore taking notes - PREVIEWnPrepare yourself mentally - What do you need to get out of this? nReview notes from last time and homework. Nail your atte
13、ntion down tight. nReview the outline from your reading assignment nThink through what has happened in the class to date nGenerate enthusiasm and interest vIncreased knowledge results in increased interest vA clear sense of purpose on your part will make the course content more relevant vActing as i
14、f you are interested can help vDont let the personality or mannerisms of a speaker put you offnBe ready to understand and remember nAnticipate the next step and compare what youve guessed with what happensGet Involved!nTune-in, look, listen for clues: vTone or gesture of Professor vRepetition; cue w
15、ords: “remember!“ nNotice what conflicts with your current opinions vThey are harder to understand and remembernKeep thinking. vLook for emerging patterns vWrite questions in margins to be answered laterWhile taking notes Dont try for a verbatim transcript vGet all of the main ideas vRecord some det
16、ails. illustrations, implications, etc.nLeave plenty of wide space for later additions - underscore or star major points nNote speakers organization of material vOrganization aids memory vOrganization indicates gaps when they occur - you fill in laternBe accurate vListen carefully to what is being said vPay attention to qualifying words like: sometimes, usually, rarely, etc. vNotice signals that a chan
