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1、英文论文写作谈技巧英文论文写作谈技巧 论文写作中常出现的语法问题 1. 主语和谓语的单数和复数要一致主语和谓语的单数和复数要一致 英语中名词有它的单数和复数形式，动词也有它的单数和复数形式 , 二者要一致 . 单数主 语 ( subject) 名词要用动词 (verb) 的单数 (singular) 形式 , 复数主语名词要用动词的复数 (plural) 形式 . 我们写中文的不太习惯英语的这种写法 , 很难做到不假思索地配对 , 需要 特别 留心才能不出错误， 特别是当主语名词和动词被分开时 . 试看下面的例句 . A high percentage of peptides that are
2、 made of amino acids are present in the sample. A high percentage 才是真正的主语， 而不是邻近的 amino acids , 所以应该用单数形式 . 宜改为 : A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids is present in the sample. 让事情更复杂的是英语名词被分为不同的种类，让事情更复杂的是英语名词被分为不同的种类， 其中的一类叫集合名词其中的一类叫集合名词 . 它既可以当单它既可以当单 数用词也可以当复数用数用词也可以当复数用 .
3、 集合名词当整体集合名词当整体 来讲时是单数，每个成员作为个体时用复数来讲时是单数，每个成员作为个体时用复数 . The number of mice in the experiment was increased. A number of mice have died. All of the samples were analyzed. All of the safety procedures was strictly followed. 代词 none 既可以是单数也可以是复数 . 当 none 后面的词是单数时 , 用单数动词 . 当 none 后面的词是复数时， 用复数动词 . Non
4、e of the information was useful. None of the animals were starved. 描写数量，描写数量， 重量，体积，时间等的词用单数，重量，体积，时间等的词用单数， 但如果是分次添加或减少时用复数但如果是分次添加或减少时用复数 . 在这在这 个意义上同个意义上同 集合名词类似集合名词类似 . 1.5 ml was added. 10 g was added . 6 hours was the required incubation time. 5 g were added stepwise. 简写的数量单位， 如 mg, ml, s 等， 单
5、数和复数的写法是一样的 , 如 1mg, 5 mg. 一些词如 series, type, portion, class, 要用单数形式 . A series of derivatives of penicillin was prepared. A large portion of the reports is focused on how to deal with the increased cost. Data, criteria, phenomena, media 是复数形式， 他们的单数形式分别是 datum, criterion, phenomenon, medium.2、修饰语同主
6、语名词关系上要一致、修饰语同主语名词关系上要一致当用 1 ) 动名词 (gerund) ， 2) 分词短句 (participle) ， 3) 不定式短句 (infinitive) 作修 饰语时， 修饰语中的动词要同主句中的主语名词关系 上 要 一致 . 科技杂志论文中有这种语法错误的情况较多 . 严格来讲这只是种语法错误， 一般不影响 对句子 的内容的理解， 所以很多作者不 太注意 . 编辑和阅稿人有时也没有严格要求改 正 . 比如下面就是 Nature 杂志 2006 年第 439 卷中的一个例子 . Using the enhancer GAL4/UAS expression syste
7、m, short-term memory traces of aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning have been assigned to output synapses of subsets of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. 1) 动名词动名词 After finishing the purification, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied. We or I 是动名词 finishing 形式上的主
8、语， 同主句的主语 activity 不一致 . 宜改为 : After purification was finished, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied. 或 : After finishing the purification, we studied the activity of the isolated compound. Treated with the new drug, the blood cholesterol levels of participants were lowered by an a
9、verage of 30%. 宜改为 : Treated with the new drug, participants showed an average of 30% decrease in their blood cholesterol levels. 2) 分词短句分词短句 The iron concentration was determined using the Fenton reaction method. The iron concentration 同 using the Fenton reaction method 关系上不一致 . 宜改为 : The iron conc
10、entration was determined by the Fenton reaction method. 或 : We determined the iron concentration using the Fenton reaction method. When measuring the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred. 宜改为 : When the atmospheric level of carbon diox
11、ide is measured, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred. 3) 不定式短句不定式短句 To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, an expanded population of biking athletes was surveyed. 不定式短语的形式主语是 we or I ， 同主句主语 population 不一致 . 宜改为 : To further investiga
12、te the potential role of biking in causing infertility, we surveyed an expanded population of biking athletes. To confirm the diagnosis, blood test was ordered. 宜改为 : To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor ordered blood test. 3.主语和主语的行动主语和主语的行动(谓语谓语)在逻辑上要一致在逻辑上要一致 由于一些中文和英文的表达方式不同， 把中文直接翻译成相应的英文会不讲 .
13、一个经常 被引用的语句是 “price is cheap ”. 中文可以 说价格便宜 , 但英文只能说价格高或低 . 物 品可以说 cheap or expensive. 用中文的表达方式来写英文 , 会出现 主语和主语的行动在 逻辑上 不 一致 . 在写一个句子时要注意行动的真正主语名词是什么 . 下面是一些例子 . The highest antibiotic production was obtained at 48 h. 不是 production 而是 production yield. 宜改为 : The highest antibiotic production yield wa
14、s obtained at 48 h. The scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction. 不是 activity 而是 assay of activity 宜改为 : The assay of scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction. The pharmacological compounds of ginseng were identified. 药物活性化合物应该是 pharmacolog
15、ically active compounds. 宜改为 : The pharmacologically active compounds of ginseng were identified. 4、代名词和其代理的先行词要一致、代名词和其代理的先行词要一致代名词和其代理的先行词要在人称 ,单数或复数,和性别上一致.一些常见的代词是: he, his ( 阳性单数 ); she, her ( 阴性单数 ); it, its ( 单数 ); they, their, these, those ( 复数 ); that, this ( 单数 ). 比如下面的例句中 , compounds 和 th
16、eir 一致 , protein 和 it 一 致 . Many related compounds were synthesized and their antivirus activities were studied. Growth hormone is a protein. It promotes human body growth. 下面的例句中,the 应该用 their 取代 . The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from the protective effects against oxidative stresses. 宜改为 : The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from t
