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1、有机种植业简介有机种植业简介According to / in Equivalence with European Regulation (EEC) 2092/91, the US National Organic Program (NOP), JAS, and CERES standard interpretation 根据、等价于欧盟条例2092、91，美国 NOP，JAS 以及 CERES 解释1. What organic agriculture is:有机农业是什么：v Avoids synthetic pesticides and easily soluble mineral fe
2、rtilizers 避免合成杀虫剂和易溶矿质肥料v Protects the environment and promotes biodiversity 保护环境和促进生物多样性v Produces healthy food 生产健康食品v Recycles nutrients 养分循环v Uses locally adapted methods.使用适合当地的方法2. Soil fertility and plant nutrition:土壤肥力和植物营养 Soil fertility has to be conserved or improved 应保持和改善土壤肥力 Soil erosi
3、on must be avoided 必须避免土壤侵蚀 For annual crops, a wide crop rotation has to be used, including legumes to assure biological nitrogen fixation 对于一年生作物，应使用广泛的作物轮作，包括保证生物固氮作用的豆类 For perennial crops, wherever possible, legumes have to planted in interrow spaces 对于多年生作物，在可能的情况下，行间应种植豆类 Organic manuring sho
4、uld be used to maintain soil fertility:应使用有机肥俩保持土壤肥力Allowed according to 依据允许 Type of manure 肥料类型 EU regulation and JAS NOP From organic husbandry 来源于有机养殖 yes only composted From extensive conventional husbandry 来源于广泛的常规养殖 yes only composted From intensive conventional husbandry 来源于密集的常规养殖 only comp
5、osted 只有堆肥 only composted From factory farming 来源于工厂化的农场经营 no only composted Nitrogen fertilisers and superphosphate are not allowed, potassium chloride is allowed only by JAS 不允许使用氮肥和过磷酸盐，只有 JAS 允许使用氯化钾 Rock phosphate, potassium sulphate, and single trace element fertilisers can be used, in case th
6、at soil or leaf analyses show deficiencies of the respective nutrient如果土壤和叶分析表明有养分缺陷的情况下，可以使用磷矿，硫酸钾和单个的微量元素肥料 Organic and inorganic fertilisation must not exceed crop requirements 有机和非有机肥料必须不超过作物所需 Lime (caco3) can and should be applied, when necessary.当有必要的时候可以使用 caco3。3. Crop protection:作物保护 Synth
7、etical herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are not allowed 不允许使用综合除草剂，杀虫剂和杀真菌剂 Pests and plant diseases must be prevented, using adapted species and resistant varieties, adequate crop rotations, and promoting natural enemies 必须通过适应物种，抗性品种，适当的轮作和保护天敌来防止害虫和植物疾病 After having taken these measures,
8、only those natural or mineral substances may be used, which are mentioned in annex ii (EU-Regulation) and/or the national list (NOP); some of these substances can be applied only after approval by the certifier 采取这些措施之后，只可以使用欧盟规章附录 ii 和 NOP 名单和中提到的自然和矿物质；其中的这些物质只有被认证机构批准后才可以使用 NOP restricts not only
9、 the active substance, but also the inert ingredients of natural pesticides NOP 不仅限制活性物质，还限制天然杀虫剂中的惰性成分 Weeds must be controlled by mechanical or thermal means, through adequate soil tillage and crop rotation.必须通过机械或热量手段控制杂草，通过适当的土壤哥哥做和作物轮作4. Seeds and seedlings:种苗 Organic seedlings (for annual crop
10、s) must be used!. Seeds must be organically produced. 一年生作物必须使用有机种苗！种子必须是有机生产的。 In the case where organically produced seeds or planting material (for perennial crops) of the respective varieties are not available, the farmer must provide written proof of having tried to obtain organic material and
11、have this available during inspection. 多年生作物如果不能得到有机生产的种子或种植材料，农场必须提供努力活的有机材料的书面证据，并在检查期间可以看到这些证据。 And again: Seedlings for annual crops (mainly vegetables) may not be purchased from conventional sources, but must be organically produced!. No derogations are possible. 再者：一年生作物的种苗（主要是蔬菜）购买不能来源于常规，必须是
12、有机生产的！可以不折不扣。 Seeds with chemical dressing may not be used, except for countries, where legislation prescribes chemical seed treatment for phytosanitary reasons.不可以使用化学敷料的种子，除非国家法律规定植物检疫中的化学种子处理。5. Conversion period:转换期A conventional farm has to undergo a conversion period, before products can be so
13、ld as organic. During the conversion time, all rules of organic production have to be kept, according t 一个常规农场必须经过一个转换期，然后才可以作为有机出售。转换期间，应坚持所有有机生产的规则，根据下列规章：EU regulation and JAS 欧盟规章和 JAS NOP Annual crops:一年生作物 24 months until planting 到种植为止24 个月 Three years until harvest 到收获为止 3 年 Perennial crops:
14、多年生作物 36 months until harvest 到收获为止 36 个月 Three years until harvest 到收获为止 3 年 Beginning of conversion period:转换期开始 Date of contract with the certifier, or date of first inspection 与认证机构联系之日，或第一次检查之日 When the farmer decides to start producing organic 当农户决定开始生产有机开始 External control during conversion:转
15、换期间的外部控制 Required 要求 not required, farmer keeps records 不要求，农户保持记录 Exceptions:特例 In case of sufficient proofs for non use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides during the previous years, conversion period can be reduced 如果有充分的以往几年不适用化学肥料和农药的证据，可以缩短转换期。 Sale of products during conversion:转换期产品的销售 From second year of conversion on, products can be labelled as “in conversion to organic farming”只转换的第二年起，产品可以标注“有机转换” Must be sold as conventional.必须按照常规销售 6. Cross contamination: NOP and JAS require explicitly that buffer zones are established between organic and conventional fields NOP
