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1、PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRYUnit7Chemical Bonds化学键There are approximately 100 chemical elements. 世界上大概有 100 种元素。There are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year. 现有数百万种化合物，而且每年有 60 万种新化合物被合成出来。To form these compounds, atoms of different elements
2、 must be held together in specific combinations. be held togetherin specific combinations 以特定的方式为了合成这些化合物，不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在一起。Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements. That 引导定语从句，修饰 forces化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter. pla
3、ys a role 起作用化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。At room temperature, water is a liquid, carbon dioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid because of differences in chemical bonding.在室温下，水是液体，二氧化碳是气体，晶体盐是固体，是由于化学键的不同。As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding, they gained the ability
4、 to manipulate the structure of compounds. As 引导原因状语从句to manipulate the structure of compounds 不定式短语做宾补随着化学家对化学键认识的发展，他们获得了控制化合物结构的能力。Dynamite, birth control pills, synthetic fibers, and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and () have dramatically changed the way we liv
5、e. 炸药、避孕药、合成纤维，和数以千计的其他产品在实验室中被合成出来，并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。We are now entering an era that promises (some would say forebodes) even greater change.我们现在进入了一个可望（或者说预言）更大变化的时代。The DNA molecular the chemical basis of heredity carries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA. 分子 DNA遗传物质的基础以它的键传递遗传信息。Whether an or
6、ganism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human is determined by the arrangement of bonds in DNA.Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human 做主语无论一个生物体是鱼、家禽、河马还是人，都是由于 DNA 的键的组合方式决定的。Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bonds, and this ability has given them limited cont
7、rol over the structure of living matter. Them, limited control over the structure of living matter 双宾语科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力，而这种能力给了他们有限的对生物体结构的控制。As techniques of genetic engineering improve, scientists may literally be able to custom-tailor genes.随着基因工程的发展，科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基因。Let us begin our consideratio
8、n of chemical bonding so that we, too, can understand the forces that control the structure of matter, living and nonliving.That 引导定语从句修饰 forces，living and nonliving，动名词，matter 得同位语，修饰 matter让我们开始对化学键的论述，并由此理解控制物质，包括有生命体和无生命体，的结构的力。Ionic Bond 离子键离子键Let us look at an atom of the element sodium (Na).
9、我们看一下钠原子。It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight in the second, and one in the third. the first energy level 第一能级the second energy level 第二能级the third energy level 第三能级It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight are in the second energy level
10、, and one is in the third energy level. 它有 11 个电子，其中 2 个电子在第一能级，8 个电子在第二能级，1 个电子在第三能级。If the sodium atom could get rid of an electron, then the product, called a sodium ion, would have the same electron structure as an atom of the noble gas neon (Ne).called a sodium ion 分词短语做非限定，修饰 productnoble gas如
11、果钠原子能够失去 1 个电子，产物称为钠离子，就和惰性气体氖（Ne）具有相同的电子结构。Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion (Na+) and neon atom (Ne) are not identical. 让我们首先强调一下，钠离子（Na）和氖原子（Ne）并不相同。The electron arrangement is the same, but the nuclei and resulting charges are not. electron arrangement 电子排布resulting charges 最终电荷电子
12、排布是相同的，而核及最终电荷是不同的。As long as sodium keeps its 11 protons, it is still a form of sodium, but it is the sodium ion, not the sodium atom. 只要钠带有 11 个质子，它就一直是钠，但它是钠离子而不是钠原子。Ions are charged particles, particles in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons. in which 引导非限定定语从句。离子是
13、一种带电粒子，一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子。Positively charged ions are called cations (pronounced “cat-ions”). The sodium ion is a cation.带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子（音为阳离子） 。钠离子是阳离子。If a chlorine atom (Cl) could gain an electron, it would have the same electron structure as the noble gas argon (Ar).如果氯原子（Cl）能够得到一个电子，它将与惰性气体氩（Ar）具有相同的电
14、子结构。The chlorine atom, having gained an electron, becomes negatively charged. It has 17 protons (17+) and 18 electrons (18-). It is written Cl- and it called a chloride ion.having gained an electron 动名词形式做定语，修饰 chlorine atom获得一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷。它具有 17 个质子（17+）和18 个电子（18） ，写作 Cl，称为氯离子。Negatively charged i
15、ons are called anions (pronounced “ann-ions”). The chloride ion is an anion.带负电荷的粒子称为阴离子（音为阴离子） 。钠离子是阴离子。A sodium forms a less reactive species, a sodium ion, by losing an electron. a less reactive species, a sodium ion 同位语钠原子通过失去一个电子形成不活泼的钠离子。A chlorine atom becomes a less reactive chloride ion by
16、gaining an electron. 氯原子通过得到一个电子形成不活泼的氯原子。A chlorine atom cannot just pluck an electron from empty space, nor can a sodium atom kick out an electron unless something else is willing to take it on. empty space 空白空间、真空空间，意为“凭空” 、 “无根据”nor 作连词，与助动词和情态动词连用，句中主语与动词倒置。He cant see, nor could he hear until a month ago. 他现在看不见，一个月之前他还听不见。She isnt rich, nor do I image that she ever will be. 她现在不富，我看她将来也富不了。kick out 逐出、解雇、开除；意为“失去”They kicked him out (of the club) for fighting.他因为斗殴而被开除
