《初中全程语法讲义》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《初中全程语法讲义(44页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、初初中中全全程程语语法法讲讲义义BrightBright ScholesScholes第一讲第一讲 构词法与句子成分构词法与句子成分语 法 词法:十大词类,名、动、形、介、副、代、数、冠、感叹句法:句子成分:主、谓、宾、定、状、表十大词类:(n) 1.名词:人或事物的名称(V)2.动词:表示动作或状态(adj)3.形容词:修饰名词,说明人或事物的特征(adv)4.副词:修饰动词、形容词(prep)5.介词:用在名词前,说明名词所指事物的关系和意义(pron)6.代词:代替名词、形容词、数词(num)7.数词:表示数目、顺序(art)8.冠词:放在名词前,修饰人或物(conj)9.连词:连接句子
2、、短语(intery)10.感叹词:说话人的语气(带有感情色彩)。惊讶、高兴、悲伤等构词法:(一). 转换法. 单词 动词 名词answer 回答 答案cook 烹饪 厨师cover 覆盖 盖watch 观看 手表词 法句 法从重音上区别refuse(拒绝-动) refuse(垃圾-名)record(录音-动) record(唱片)(二). 派生法(加前缀、后缀) 前缀:-un happy unhappy-re write rewrite后缀:-er teach teacher-ment move movement-or act actor-ness good goodness-ist art
3、 artist-hood child childhood-tion invite invitation-sion discus discussion(副词) ly careful carefully(形容词)- ful beauty beautiful(三)合成法: reading room 阅览室 women teachers 女老师(四)其他:.混合法: brunch 早午餐.缩写法: WTO USA NBA.缩短法: telephone phone bicycle bike句子成分:1. 主语:谁、说、什么;2. 谓语:主语发出的动作或状态;3. 宾语:承受动作的对象。(1).双宾语 =
4、 直接宾语+间接宾语(2).复合宾语 = 宾语+宾语补足语(1).直接宾语(物) I gave him a book.(2).间接宾语(人)宾语补足语: We elected himhim our monitormonitor.(补充说明) I found youyou happyhappy.4. 定语:修饰名词。The lady (on the bus) is Mrs. Smith.5. 状语:修饰动词、形容词或副词He singssings wellwell.6. 标语:说明主语,位置在 be 动词、联系动词后。He singssings wellwell.第二讲 名词名词的种类:(一):
5、专有名词:表示人、团体、国家、机构:不加冠词的专有名词:1.尊称、头衔2.星期、月份、季节、节日3.地名4.人名:需要加冠词的专有名词:1.由普通名词构成的专有名词2.江河、湖泊、山脉、海洋3.酒店、旅店、建筑物4.报刊5.姓氏(二):普通名词个体名词 boy girl集体名词 class people名词的数:1.以 f. fe 结尾,把 f. fe 变 vesthief thieves wife wives knife knives half halvesleaf leaves wolf wolves scarf 有两种变法2.-es 的几个特殊单词hero heroes negro ne
6、groes potato potatoestomato tomatoes3.-s boy boys girl girls 4.-es(以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾)抽象名词friendship物质名词gold steelscarfsscarves5.以辅音加 y 结尾,把 u 变为 i 加-es6.鱼、羊、鹿,复数不变sheep sheep deer deer fish fish7.Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese8.以“n”结尾FrenchmanFrenchmen Englishman - Englishmen9.Physics maths politics
7、 news(按单数处理)10.合成词:man teacher - men teachers有主题名词有主题名词旁观 look-on 亚军 runner-up 过路人 passer by 女婿 son-in-law无主题名词无主题名词饭桶 good for nothing 媒人 go-between 勿忘我 forget me not11.不规则变化child - children foot - feet tooth - teeth man - men12.the two Mr. Smiths 两个史密斯先生the two Marys 两个 Mary13.不可数名词特例tea - teas(指茶
8、的种类,all kinds of teas)fruit - fruits(指水果的种类,all kinds of fruits)GermanAmericanKoreanAustralian第三讲第三讲 名词的格名词的格名词所有格,-s, “的”所属关系一、 (有生命的)1.Lindas book2.复数名词的所有格只加一个: the students book3. 共同拥有,只在第二个人后面加“s”:Joe and Terrys book.分别拥有,两个人后面都加“s”:Joes and Terrys book.4.双重所有格:a picture of my friends(照片里可以有别人,
9、但照片属于本人)a picture of my friend.(照片里只可有本人)二、 (无生命的)名词所有格表示路程、时间、距离等an hours ride 一小时车程twenty days holiday 20 天的假期第四讲第四讲 代词代词指示、人称、物主、返身、不定、疑问(相互、关系,在从句)1.指示代词:this, that, these, those.用法:作主语 This is my father.作定语 These apples are red.作宾语 I like that.用法:代替上文所说的话,避免重复。The cars (mademade inin GuangzhouG
10、uangzhou) are not better than those made in Changchun.same 和 the 连用1)look the same.2)the same number/school/city/class3)the same as 与一样such 这样/如此 Such a+形+名. He is such a good student.such as 例如Linda has many books, such as English book, Chinese book.Today is _fine weather. (06 年吉林省中考)A. such a B. s
11、uch C. a such D. so2.人称代词 主格宾格(单)主格宾格(复)ImeweUsyouyouYouyouhehimtheythemsheheritit用法:做主语 I like music.将动物拟人化 Shes my favorite cat.指船只 A ship in coming, shes very big.祖国,故土 China is my mother land, shes very beautiful.太阳、月球、地球 The moon shines brightly on Mid-autumn Day. She looks like a round plate.我
12、和你 you and I 当做了错事时,则把“我”放在前面 I and he 3.物主代词:形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词(单)mymineyouryourshishisherhersitsits(复)ouroursyouryourstheirtheirs4.返身代词:(单)myself. yourself. himself. herself. itself(复)ourselves. yourselves. themselves.help oneself 随便吃 Help yourselves, children!enjoy oneself 某人过得愉快 Enjoy yourselves!
13、= Have a good time!Have fun!用法:强调(一个人) She teaches herself English. 她自学英语I myself did it.5.疑问代词: 主格宾格所有格指人whowhomwhose指物whatwhose指人或物whichwhose特例:1)What 可以指代职业What is your father? 你爸爸做什么工作?2)指感叹What terrible weather!3)可用在表示天气的句子中Whats the weather like today?Hows the weather?第五讲第五讲 不定代词不定代词6.不定代词1).a
14、ll 与 bothall 表示“三者(或三者以上)都”All of us are Chinese. (指人,用复数)All is going well. 一切顺利 (指物,用单数)位置在 be 之后,动(词)之前both 表示“两者都” 。 Both my brother and I are soccer fans.There are many trees on both _A_ of the street.(浙江省 05 年中考)A. side B. sides2)none 与 nonone:没有一个人或物(可数名词指三者以上) ,即完全否定-Are there any maps on th
15、e wall?-None.none of + (只能接可数名词复数+谓语的单、复数None of these pictures is/are good.None of us have/has a car.3)it, a,和 oneone:1)除数词外,表示“一个人” 、 “一个” 。one 返身代词 oneself 所有格 ones2)one 代替上文中单数名词I have two apples. The red one is delicious.4)each 与 everyeach 指任何一个,强调个体,every 指每一个,强调整体Each student is in blue today.定语 主语Every student has got a new car.定语