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1、,Unit TenComfort Heating,Heating SystemA steam (heating) system uses the vapor phase of water to supply heat or kinetic energy through a piping system. As a source of heat, steam can heat a conditioned space with suitable terminal heat transfer equipment such as fan coil units, unit heaters, radiato
2、rs, and convectors (finned tube or cast iron), or steam can heat through a heat exchanger that supplies hot water or some other heat transfer medium to the terminal units.Water systems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space or process with hot water are frequently called hydronic heating sy
3、stems. The water flows through piping that connects a boiler, water heater to suitable terminal heat transfer units located at the space or process.Classified by flow generation, hydronic heating systems may be (1) gravity systems, which use the difference in density between the supply and return wa
4、ter columns of a circuit or system to circulate water; or (2) forced systems, in which a pump, usually driven by an electric motor, maintains the flow.,Cast-iron Radiator,Expansion Tank,Electric Boiler,Relief Valve,Pump,Return Pipe,Cold Water Fill,Supply Pipe,Radiator,In the direct-return system, th
5、e length of supply and return piping through the subcircuits is unequal, which may cause unbalanced flow rates and require careful balancing to provide each subcircuit with design flow. Ideally, the reverse-return system provides nearly equal total lengths for all terminal circuits.,Solar Altitude a
6、nd Solar Azimuth,S,Normal,Solar Altitude,Solar Azimuth（偏东为负，偏西为正）,The current value of the solar constant (which is defined as the intensity of solar radiation on a surface normal to the suns rays, just beyond the earths atmosphere at the average earth-sun distance) is 1367 W/m2.,大气层外太阳辐射强度随日期的变化,Sp
7、ectral Solar Irradiation,99 的能量集中在在0.28m到5.0m的波段之间。,Direct solar radiation,Diffuse solar radiation,Global solar radiation,Global solar radiationDirect solar radiation Diffuse solar radiation,Shorter wavelengthHigh proportion,Longer wavelength,Temperature increase,Greenhouse effect,Five Elements of P
8、assive Solar Home DesignAperture (Collector) The large glass (window) area through which sunlight enters the building. Absorber The hard, darkened surface of the storage element. Thermal mass The materials that retain or store the heat produced by sunlight. Distribution The method by which solar hea
9、t circulates from the collection and storage points to different areas of the house. Control Roof overhangs can be used to shade the aperture area during summer months.,Active solar heating system,1: Sensor 传感器2: Air Vent 排气口3: Sensor wire 传感器线4: Pump or circulator 循环泵5: Pressure Relief Valve 减压阀6:
10、Sensor 传感器7: Pressure Relief Valve 减压阀8: Thermometer 温度计9: Tempering Valve 混水阀 调温阀10: Hot water output 热水输出11: Cold water feed line 补水管12: Knob adjusts water temperature output 13: Bypass “H” valve 旁通阀14: Check Valve 逆止阀15: Solar collectors inlet 太阳能采集器入口16: Pressure Relief Valve 减压阀17: Collectors &
11、 Absorber Plate 太阳能采集器18: Auxiliary heater 辅助加热器19: Storage Tank 储热罐20: Differential controller 温差控制器21: Pressure gauge 压力表22: Pressure storage tank 储压罐23: Flowmeter 流量计,Solar heating systems,Central solar heating system with seasonal storage,1. Heat Transfer and Fire Tube Boilers Heat Transfer rank
12、s second Fire Tube Boile rs2. Solar Energy The greenhouse principle Basic solar system components Instrumentation Collectors Absorber Plate Heat Storage3. System Controls System controls for heat storage Space Thermostat Temperature Sensors Control Panel Differential Thermostat,Frequently used words
13、 and phrases:fire tube boilers 火管锅炉 hydronic heating 循环供暖secondary heat exchanger 二次热交换器insulating effect 绝热效应 firebox 燃烧室alternate energy sources 替代能源cloud cover 云量 shorter wavelength 短波 longer wavelength 长波 absorber plate 吸收板antifreeze 防冻剂 pressure storage tank 储压罐relief valve 排气阀 fiberglass 玻璃纤维centrifugal pump 离心泵 check valve 逆止阀thermostat 温控器 auxiliary heater 辅助加热器control panel 控制台(面板) greenhouse 温室differential thermostat 差示恒温器ASME 美国机械工程师协会American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
