非谓语动词复习宝典

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1、高考英语非谓语动词复习宝典动词的非谓语形式有三种:不定式、动名词和分词(一)不定式不定式由“ to 十动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“ not to do”不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for 十名词或代词宾格”构成1不定式的用法:l)作主语不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用 it 作形式主语例如:To see is to believeIt is right to give up smoking 2)作宾语不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式

2、宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用 it 作形式宾语例如: He wanted to goI find it interesting to study work with him.3)作宾语补足语例如:He asked me to do the work with him.注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have,let,make 等词后的补足语中,不定式不带 to但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带 to例如 I often hear him sing the songHe is often heard t

3、o sing the song注意:不定式动词在介词 but,except,besides 后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带 to,否则要带 to如:She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go4)作定语例如:I have some books for you to read 注作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词例如:He is l

4、ooking for a room to live inThere is nothing to worry aboutPlease give me a knife to cut with但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time,place 或 way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去例如:He had no money and no place to live.注当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同试比较: A) Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不走式 to send 的动作执行

5、者是 you)B) Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是已被省略的 me 或 someone else)5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件例如:I came here to see you(目的)We were very excited to hear the news(原因)He hurried to the school to find nobody there(结果)To look at him, you would like him(条件)目的状语还可以用 in order to

6、或 so as to 来表示如:In order to pass the exam, he worked very hardWe ran all the way so as not to be late不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语例如:I am very glad to hear itThe question is difficult to answer“ too 十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语例如:He is too old to do that另外句子中有 enough 这个词时,常用不定式作状语例如:The room is big enough to hold us6)作表语例

7、如:My job is to help the patient7)作独立成分例如:To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.8)不定式与疑问词 who,which,when,where,how,what 等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等例如:He didnt know what to say.(宾语)How to solve the problem is very important(主语)My question is when to start. (表语)注意:在与 why 连用时,只用于 why 或 why not 开头的简短疑问句

8、中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to.例如: Why not have a rest? 9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以-下几点:A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式.Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door)B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式 I have got a letter to write( I write letter)He ne

9、eds a room to live in( He lives in a room)I know what to do( I do what)但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式: I know what is to be done.这是因为 what is to be done 是宾语从句,从句中的主语 what 是动词 do的动作对象C)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后者去了 for one 或 for people例如:He is hard to talk to( to talk to him)The bo

10、ok is difficult to understand.( to understand the book.)但如果强调句中的受事者时,亦可用不定式被动式,例如:The handwriting is very difficult to be read.The box is too heavy to be liftedD)在 there 十 be 的结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式,如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式There is a lot of work to do.( Somebody has to do the work)There is

11、 a lot of work to be done ( The work has to be done.)请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的:There is nothing to do.意为无事可做,感到十分乏味There is nothing to be done意为某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常2不定式的时态l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生例如: I saw him go out2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式例如:I am very glad to be working

12、with you3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式例如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting.3不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside It is possible for our hopes to be realized(二)动名词 1动名词由动词十 ing 构成;具有动词和名词的性质;在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语1)作主语例如:Seeing is believing.Layi

13、ng eggs is the ant queens full- time job.It is no use arguing with him.注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作例如:Playing with fire is dangerous(泛指玩火)To play with fire will be dangerous(指一具体动作)但在 It is no use good,not any use good,useless 等后必需用动名词。2)作表语例如:Her job is teaching.3)作宾语例如

14、: He is fond of playing footballI like swimming.注 admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist, risk,suggest,cant help,cant stand(无法忍受)等动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式注 forget,go on,li

15、ke,mean,regret,remember,stop,try 等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习)I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事)I tried not to go there(我没法不去那里)I tried doing it again. (我试着又干了一次)Stop speaking. (不要讲话。)He stopped to talk. (他停下来讲话)I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些来) Missing the t

16、rain means waiting for another hour(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时)注在 allow,advise,forbid,permit 等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时,要用动名词形式,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时,其宾语补足语用带 to 的不定式例如:We dont allow smoking here.We don t allow students to smoke.注动词 need,require,want 作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义例如:The window needs( requires,wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)注在短语 devote

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