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1、现在完成时现在完成时的构成和用法表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。（一般过去式只是强调过去，不强调影响或结果）主语助动词havehas过去分词其它这里的havehas是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。has，have的缩略式分别为s或ve用法：1、 过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响。Already(比预料的早发生）,yet（比预料的晚发生）,not yet.already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：1）Ive alreadyreadthis book.我已
2、经读过这本书了。（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）2）Ivewashedmy clothes already我已经洗了衣服。（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）2yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：1）Has he found his watch yet？他已经找到他的手表了吗？ No，not yet不，还没有。2）The woman hasnt found her dog yet那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）选词填空(单句选词填空) 1. I have (already
3、/yet) finished my homework. 2. The guests have not arrived (already/yet). 3. - Have they found the lost child yet?- Not (already/yet). 4. John has (already/yet) finished the report about the ways of learning English. 5. Has the little boy got home alone (already/yet)? 2:表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去
4、，通常和表示一段时间的时间状语连用：for+时间段for a long time, for five years， since August 2003等等，或since+时间点连用since yesterday, since two oclock表示持续的动作或状态,谓语动词必须用延续性动词。He Has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去）注意for和since的用法。For+时间段 译为.时间Mr Zhang has taught English for 20 years.张老师已经教了20年
5、英语了。We have known each other for five years.我们已经认识五年了。Since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从.以来）His father has joined the club since 2016.2016年他的爸爸就加入了俱乐部。Since+时间段+agoWe have played football since one year ago.我们两年前就开始踢足球了。I have lived here since ten years ago.自从十年前我就住在这里了.Since+从句（从句用过去时）I have been back since you c
6、leaned the floor.It be +时间段+since+从句（从句用过去时）be动词用一般现在或者现在完成时，从句用一般过去。It has been five years since we met.It is/has been a month since Jim came back.It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.练习：选择for或since填入空格中1:His mother has been ill_a month. 2:We have had a rest _we came back. 3:They hav
7、e know each other _they were children. 4:She has taught English in this school_ ten years. 5:My mother has been a doctor_2005.6;It is / has been two days _I borrowed the book.注：瞬间多词不能直接和for或since引导的时间段连用。要改变成延续性动词。Come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be outFinish-be over open-be open die-be dead bu
8、y-have Fall ill-be ill come back-be back put on-be on/wear Worry-be worried catch a cold-have a cold 考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用表延续的动词 在英语中能用现在完成时表示延续到现在动作的动词比较少,常用的有：have known 已经认识了 have studied已经学习了have worked 已经工作了 have been 已经have used 已经使用了 have taught已经教了have stayed 已经停留了. have wanted to 已经想要have
9、lived 已经住了 have died.已经死去.have borrowed/bought.已经借/买. have begun.已经开始.Have finished.已经完成. have closed.已经关闭.练习：1:His father_the party since 1978.A: joined B:has joined C:was in D: has been in 2. His grandfather _ for over two years. A. has died B. has been dead C. has dead D. died三：强调过去的事情到说话前为止1just
10、意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，表示到说话为止过去的时间状语，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： He has just come back from school他刚从学校回来。 （我刚刚收到这封信）2ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。 1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong？你曾去过香港吗？2）I havent ever spoken to her我未曾和她说过话。3never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：I have never been to B
11、eijing before.I have never traveled by plane before我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。4before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：1）Have you been to Hainan before？你以前去过海南吗？2）I havent eaten Guangdong food before我以前没吃过广东菜。（二）否定式主语助动词havehasnot过去分词其它说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词havehas后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为havent，hasnt。另
12、外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。实例：1）I havent finished my homework yet我还没有完成我的作业。2）She hasnt travelled on a train她没有坐火车旅行过。3）We have never spoken to a foreigner我们从来没有和外国人说过话。注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：4） I have never seen him before以前我从来没有见过他。（三）一般疑问式助动词HaveHas主语过去分词其它？说明：把陈述句中的have或has
13、放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some，already改为any，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes，主语havehas否定回答用“No，主语haventhasnt”有时也可以用“No，not yetNo，neverNo，not even once”等。实例：1）Have you ever made dumplings？你曾经做过饺子吗？ Yes，I have是的，我做过。2）Has she ever been abroad？她曾经出过国吗？ No，never不，从来没有。3）Have they found the lost books yet？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？ Ye
14、s，they have是的，他们找到了。注意：当句中有否定词not，hardly（几乎不），never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：You havenevercome to our school，haveyou？你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响，它和现在有密切的联系。现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词。如：already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等。一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间、地点，不涉及对现在的影响，所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子，都必须用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。过去的时间状语：.ago,last week, in 2008, in the past,just now, the day before yesterday,yesterday,
