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1、1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性 arbitrariness双层结构 duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性 productivity移位性 displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性 cultural transmission2。语言的功能：传达信息功能 informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能 recreational元语言功能 metal lingual3. 语言学 linguistics：包括六个分支语音学 Phonetics音位学 phonology形
2、态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语 language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用 competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacemen
3、t. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both shu and tree to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the m
4、ost important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metal lingual3.The function of the sentence A nice day, isnt it ?is _a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the
5、 prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节 语音学1.发音器官由声带 the vocal cords 和三个回声腔组成2.辅音 consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction鼻音 nasals破裂音 plo
6、sives部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音 affricates 等4.辅音清浊特征 voicing辅音的送气特征 aspiration5.元音 vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6 双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combinat
7、ion of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasa
8、l4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are _a. voiced stopb. vo
9、iceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is dirverent from k in _a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the place of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节 音位学 phonol
10、ogy1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。2.音位 phoneme：最小语音单位3.音位变体 allophones:读音差别4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气 p 绝不会出现在 s 之后，不送气的p 绝不会出现在词首6.音节 syllable，分为节首 onset，节峰 peak，节尾 coda7.辅音群:一般
11、作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过 4 个8.最小语音对 minimal pairsI. Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. What is Linguistics(语言学)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics3.1 Speech and Writi
12、ngOne general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive( 说明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptiv
13、e if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic( 历时) StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue(语言 ) and Parole(言语)This is a dist
14、inction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)Competence is the
15、 ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).4. The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of
16、 speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.Applie
