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1、Lesson Ten,Tort Law,6/21/2020,1,法律英语,Punishment is justice for the unjust. Augustine British writer 惩罚是对正义 的伸张。英国作家 奥古斯丁,6/21/2020,2,法律英语,Background,Tort The breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law. http:/www.legal-dictionary.org/ Torts include all negligence ca
2、ses as well as intentional wrongs which result in harm.,6/21/2020,3,法律英语,Tort law,州法律,判例法,联邦侵权索赔法,6/21/2020,4,法律英语,Federal Tort claims Act,A statute which removed the power of the federal government to claim immunity from a lawsuit for damages due to negligent or intentional injury by a federal empl
3、oyee in the scope of his/her work for the government. ,6/21/2020,5,法律英语,Tort,Remedy -damages,6/21/2020,6,法律英语,Part 1: Introduction,1. Automobile accidents,6/21/2020,7,法律英语,Many circumstances,The plaintiff in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often rely mor
4、e on human than on legal considerations 民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。,儿童受伤,6/21/2020,8,法律英语,A permanent disability of loss of a limb,Compensation and damages补偿费和损害赔偿金,Actual loss 实际损害 Intangible damage 无形损害 A plaintiff can play on the human reaction of the jury 原告利用陪审团的人性反应,6/21/2020,9,法
5、律英语,American law permits,the participation of the attorney in the plaintiffs recovery (contingent fee) 美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金） Amount to 25 to 33% of the verdict 酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。,6/21/2020,10,法律英语,A tort action 侵权诉讼,A lengthy proceeding 诉讼程序时间长 Large expenses honoraria for experts 代价大（专家证人的酬金） A v
6、ery large verdict （ in excess of $100000） 判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）,6/21/2020,11,法律英语,2.Tort law and the law of contracts overlap,An injury party has the choice between a tort claim and a suit in contracts.,Conversion非法占有财产 Personal injury人身伤害,Implied contract默示合同 Personal injury人身伤害 Breach of warranty违背保证诺言
7、,Recovery of intangible damage,6/21/2020,12,法律英语,3.Everyone is liable for his tort act , 每个人都要对其侵权行为负责， in limited form also children （however, parents only when they acted as the childs agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）, 在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责）， but not t
8、he state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity . 但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。,6/21/2020,13,法律英语,The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee
9、was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.,Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ）,6/21/2020,14,法律英语,4. Everyone is protected against tortious act, including the embryo. 每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。 The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their rela
10、tive or testator (wrongful death action ) 继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。,6/21/2020,15,法律英语,“dram- shop acts” 小酒店法令,A party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasors intoxication. 作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成
11、该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。,6/21/2020,16,法律英语,“dram- shop acts”,Dram Shop acts, enacted in the 19th century, usually impose liability for negligence on the sellers of alcoholic beverages for sales to: persons under the legal drinking age, or those who are obviously intoxicated. People who serve alcoholic beve
12、rages may be liable under state laws for damages resulting from the consumption of those beverages. drunken driving,6/21/2020,17,法律英语,Part 2: Intentional Torts故意侵权行为,Battery 殴打 Assault 侵犯他人身体 Conversion of property 非法侵占财产 False imprisonment 非法拘禁 Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、不动产 Defama
13、tion 诽谤 Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 Products liability 产品质量责任,6/21/2020,18,法律英语,Part 3: Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任,Negligent act,Injury,6/21/2020,19,法律英语,A person is negligent,if he has not complied with his “duty of care” and ,has not acted as “a reasonable and prudent man”. 如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象
14、“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样行事。,6/21/2020,20,法律英语,要考虑到,The special professional qualification for the tortfeasor 侵权者的特别专业资质,Architect,Different criteria,Construction worker,6/21/2020,21,法律英语,Duty of care,Restrictive interpretation : The duty must be owed toward the particular plaintiff . 必须对特定的原告负有照看义务 There is no
15、 duty of care to the public at large. 不是对广大公众负有照看义务,（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小,6/21/2020,22,法律英语,Guest statutes 宾客法规,Some states exclude a duty of care by the driver of a motor vehicle toward passengers whom he transports gratuitously. 汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。,6/21/2020,23,法律英语,In some states, legisl
16、ation requiring that a guest passenger must prove something higher than ordinary negligence in order to recover from the host driver.,6/21/2020,24,法律英语,No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿,The injured party has been guilty of contributory negligence 共同过失 has assumed the risk 预计到有危险,6/21/2020,25,法律英语,Contributory negligence 共同过失,a doctrine of common law that if a person was injured in part due to his/her own negligence (his/her negligence contributed to the accident), the injured party would n
