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1、Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印课程编号：课程编号：课程编号：课程
2、编号：GREEM-GREEM-GREEM-GREEM-RoHSRoHSRoHSRoHS-003 A-003 A-003 A-003 A2024/9/241Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step
3、with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印温温 馨馨 提提 示示上课了，请将您的手机开到振动档！上课了，请将您的手机开到振动档！有事时，请您到课堂外打电话！有事时，请您到课堂外打电话！Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to ke
4、ep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印Restricted hazardous substances:限制的有毒物质限制的有毒物质:nHeavy metals 重金属重金属:Lead 铅铅;Mercury 汞汞;Cadmium 镉镉;Chromium (VI) 六价铬六价铬.nCertain brominated flame retardants: 某些溴化阻燃剂某些溴化阻燃剂Polybrominated
5、biphenyls (PBBs); 多溴联苯多溴联苯Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). 多溴联苯醚多溴联苯醚RoHS Directive关于在电子电气设备中禁止使用某些有害物质指令Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldd
6、eveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印大大 纲纲 第一部分：镉和镉化合物部分第一部分：镉和镉化合物部分第二部分：铅和铅化合物部分第二部分：铅和铅化合物部分第三部分：汞和汞化合物部分第三部分：汞和汞化合物部分第四部分：六价铬化合物部分第四部分：六价铬化合物部分第五部分：第五部分：多溴联苯多溴联苯PBBsPBBs和和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯醚PBDEsPBDEs部分部分 冠智达顾问冠智达顾问Based on topBased on topBased on
7、 topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印第一部分：第一部分：镉和镉化合物部分镉和镉化合物部分Based on topBased on to
8、pBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive镉镉- 相关指令相关指令91/338/EEC镉指令
9、94/62/EEC包装和包装废物指令 WEEE&RoHS,ELV98/101/EEC,91/157/EEC,93/86/EEC:欧盟电池法规瑞典、荷兰，瑞士，德国，英国等国家的法律法规和管制规定Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the c
10、hannel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive镉镉- 实际应用实际应用nCadmium plating. 镉电镀nSolar cells & other light-sensitive devices, e.g CdTe 太阳电池和其他光敏器件nElectrical contact alloys, e.g relay, switch, thermostat 电接触合金, 如继电器，开关，调温器nPigments, yellow red - orange
11、pigments 颜料nConnection point 接点nSolder 焊锡或熔丝nThermal stabiliser for plastics 塑胶的热稳定剂nOptical parts 光学组件nBatteries, e.g Cd-Ni battery 电池，如镍镉电池nSprings 弹簧nPower cords 电源线nWires 电缆Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to ke
12、ep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive镉镉- 允许使用允许使用 （豁免）（豁免）Cadmium plating, except for applications banned under the Cadmium Directive 91/338/EEC. e.g. production e
13、quipment or machinery and the associated products in certain industries.电镀镉，除了91/338/EEC禁止应用的以外。如生产设备、机器和在摹写工业领域的相关的产品。Cadmium and its compounds in electrical contacts and cadmium plating except for applications banned under Directive 91/338/EEC amending directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions
14、 on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. Clarification of thecadmium plating exemption.在电接触部件和电镀镉中的镉及其化合物。明确了镉电镀的豁免。lead and cadmium in optical and filter glass铅和镉在光学和滤光镜 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worl
15、ddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印危害金属镉毒性很低但其化合物毒性很大。人体的镉中毒主要是通过消化道与呼吸道摄取被镉污染的水、食物、空气而引起的。镉在人体积蓄作用，潜伏期可长达10一30年。据报道，当水中镉超过0.2mg/L时，居民长期饮水和从食物中摄取含
16、镉物质，可引起“骨痛病”。进入人体和温血动物的镉，主要累积在肝、肾、胰腺、甲状腺和骨骼中使肾脏器官等发生病变，并影响人的正常活动造成贫血、高血压、神经痛、骨质松软、肾炎和分泌失调等病症。日本著名的“骨痛病”受害者，开始时是腰、手等关节痛，几年后，转为全身骨痛，不能行动最后骨骼软化萎缩，自然骨折，在全身疼痛中极为凄惨而死亡。镉对鱼类和其他水生物也有强烈的毒性作用。其毒性最大的为可溶性氯化镉。氯化镉对农作物生长危害也很大。RoHS Directive镉镉- 危害危害Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the cha
17、nnel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印来源（1）自然来源：自然界中，镉大多以硫化镉、碳酸镉的形式存在于锌矿中。镉是一种灰白色金属，不溶于水，密度864g/cm3，熔点33103，沸点767。其化合物中，碳酸
18、镉、氢氧化镉、硫化镉等均不溶于水，但硫酸镉、氯化镉和硝酸镉等都溶于水。镉在加热后易挥发，在空气中迅速氧化变为氧化镉。但真正的危害和大量的铅的毒害来自于人类本身:（2）非自然来源：铅锌矿的开采、选矿和冶炼过程中产生的废水和废气；合金钢的生产和加工过程；电镀镉的生产废水，染料、农药、油漆、玻璃、陶瓷、照像材料等生产和加工过程。植物吸收富集于土壤中的镉，可使农作物中镉含量增高。水生动物吸收富集于水中的镉，可使动物体中镉含量升高。RoHS Directive镉镉- 来源来源Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the c
19、hannel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive镉镉- 主要用途主要用途Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，develop
20、ing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive镉镉-最大浓度值最大浓度值均质材料中镉的重量最大浓度值为均质材料中镉的重量最大浓度值为0.01%0.01%。即：。即：
21、100100PPMPPMBased on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS
22、Directive镉镉- 检测方法检测方法（1 1）预处理）预处理 A A、在有硫酸存在下的灰化法；在有硫酸存在下的灰化法； B B、在密闭容器中的加压酸分解法（包括微波分解法如在密闭容器中的加压酸分解法（包括微波分解法如EN13346/EN13346/ EPA3052:1996 EPA3052:1996）；）；C C、采用硝酸、过氧化氢、盐酸的酸分解法，如：采用硝酸、过氧化氢、盐酸的酸分解法，如：EPA3050BEPA3050B； 、采用硫酸、硝酸、过氧化氢的湿式分解法如、采用硫酸、硝酸、过氧化氢的湿式分解法如 EN1122EN1122。Based on topBased on topBas
23、ed on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive镉镉- 检测方法检测方法（2 2）测定装置测定装置 标标准准
24、装装置置为为感感应应等等离离子子体体发发光光分分光光分分析析装装置置（ICP-AESICP-AES，ICP-OESICP-OES）、原原子子吸吸收收装装置置（AASAAS）、感感应应等等离离子子体体质质量量分析装置（分析装置（ICP-MSICP-MS）。）。Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep
25、 step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印第二部分：第二部分：铅和铅化合物部分铅和铅化合物部分Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channe
26、l to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive铅铅- 相关指令相关指令WEEE&RoHS,ELV98/101/EEC,91/157/EEC,93/86/EEC:欧盟电池法规94/62/EEC包装和包装废物指令 89/677/EEC,76/769/EEC美国加利福尼亚州法律（第65号提案),16CFR1303Based on topBased on topBased on t
27、opBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive铅铅- 实际应用实际应用nSolder 焊锡nGlass 玻璃nLead
28、halides and lead phosphors in certain gas discharge lamps. 某些气体放电灯中: 铅的卤化物和铅的磷酸盐nElectronic ceramic parts. 电子陶瓷元件nAmiable-Cutting metal and alloy. 易切削金属或合金中的应用nMetallic coatings brightener & stabiliser. 金属覆盖物- 光亮剂和稳定剂nThermal stabiliser for plastics/rubber 塑胶/橡胶的热稳定剂n Ink/pigment/paint for printing/
29、painting 墨水/颜料/油漆nBatteries 电池nResin additives 树脂添加剂nOptical components 光学组件、Contacts 触点nPower cords and wires 电源和电缆Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with wo
30、rlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive铅铅- 允许应用允许应用(豁免豁免) Glass in 玻璃:Cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管;Electronic components 电子元件;Fluorescent tubes 荧光管.Alloying elements in 合金:Steel (maximum 0.35% lead) 钢 (最高0.35%的铅);Aluminium (maximum
31、 0.4% lead) 铝 (最高 0.4% 的铅);Copper (maximum 4% lead) 铜 (最高4%的铅).Solders高温融化的焊料中的铅（即：锡铅焊料合金中铅含量超过85%）:Servers, storage & storage arrays (until 2010); 用于服务器、存储器和存储系统的焊料中的铅（豁免准予至2010年）； Network infrastructure & telecom management. 用于交换、信号和传输，以及电信网络管理的网络基础设施设备中焊料中的铅 Electronic ceramic parts. E.g. piezoel
32、ectronic devices. 电子陶瓷元件. 如压电陶瓷.Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授
33、权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印危害铅是一种具有神经毒性的重金属元素，铅有多种化合物和存在形式,其毒性效應各有不同，但這些全被归类为危險物質。在人体内无任何生理功能，其理想的血液浓度应为“零”，一旦不为“零”就会对人体产生损害。然而，由于环境中铅的普遍存在，绝大多数人体中或多或少存在着一定量的铅，如果血铅浓度超过一定水平时，就会危害身体健康，可以说，铅对身体是有百害而无一利。铅毒是人类社会最不安定的生理因素，已使强大的罗马民族全部灭绝；数以千万计儿童生命夭折；贝多芬这样的天才英年早逝；造成数以十亿计的人失去智慧健康甚而混然不知所觉。铅毒是世界公敌，已引起各国政府和社会各界的高度重视。RoHS D
34、irective铅铅- 危害危害 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印
35、来源铅现在已是无所不在：（1）自然来源：地壳侵蚀、火山爆发、海啸等将地壳中的铅释放到大气中，通过呼吸进入人体。其主要特点是离地面越近，含铅浓度越高。科学家测到某城市的大气含铅量为0.8g/m2，而离地面1米内则达13g/m3。婴幼儿正常生活在1米以下的空间，因而首当其冲受到铅的威胁。但真正的危害和大量的铅的毒害来自于人类本身:（2）非自然来源：主要指来自工业、交通方面的铅排放。金屬鉛製程可能產生鉛化合物另外,铅作为生产资源被人类直接利用:铅白的颜料,電池，銲錫，機械金屬的合金元素，印刷電路板及相關元件，白炙燈泡，鉛錘。还有铅有众多的化合物存在形式,用途广泛.RoHS Directive铅铅-
36、来源来源 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directi
37、ve铅铅- 主要用途（一）主要用途（一）Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不
38、得翻印RoHS Directive铅铅- 主要用途（二）主要用途（二）Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING
39、未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印均质材料中铅的重量最大浓度值为均质材料中铅的重量最大浓度值为0.1%0.1%，即：，即：10001000PPMPPM RoHS Directive铅铅-最大浓度值最大浓度值Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddevelopin
40、g the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive铅铅- 检测方法检测方法 (1)(1)预处理预处理: : 采采用用硫硫酸酸、销销酸酸以以及及氧氧化化氢氢存存在在下下的的湿湿式式分分解解法法，硫硫酸酸存存在在下下的的灰灰化化法法，或或者者密密闭闭容容器器内内的的加加压压酸酸分分解解法法（微微波波分解法）等。分解法）等。（2 2）测定装置）测定装置 标标准准装装置置有有感感应应等等离离子子体体发发光光分分光光分分析析装装置置（ICP-AESICP
41、-AES，ICP-OESICP-OES）、原原子子吸吸收收装装（AASAAS）、感感应应离离子子体体质质量量分分析析装置（装置（ICP-MSICP-MS）。）。Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep st
42、ep with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印第三部分：第三部分：汞和汞化合物部分汞和汞化合物部分Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel t
43、o keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive汞汞- 相关指令相关指令WEEE&RoHS,ELV98/101/EEC,91/157/EEC,93/86/EEC:欧盟电池法规瑞典、荷兰，丹麦等国家的法律法规和管制规定94/62/EEC包装和包装废物指令 89/677/EEC,76/769/EECBased on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with
44、worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive汞汞- 实际应用实际应用nFluorescent lamps, High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, 荧光灯管, 高强度放电(HID) 灯管,nPa
45、inting or pigment or ink 涂料或颜料nLCD back light 液晶背光nTilt switches/adjuster 倾斜度开关/调节器nReed-relays 簧片式继电器nContact point materials(e.g relays) 连接材料（如继电器）nAnti-corrosion treatment 抗腐蚀处理nThermostats 调温器 nBatteries 电池 etc 等.Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep ste
46、p with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive汞汞- 允许使用允许使用 (豁免豁免)Compact fluorescent lamps (maximum 5 mg per lamp);微型荧光灯（每个灯最多不超过微型荧
47、光灯（每个灯最多不超过5毫克）毫克）Straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes: 一般直式荧光灯一般直式荧光灯Halophosphate (maximum 10 mg per lamp); （每个灯最多不超过10毫克）Triphosphate with normal life (maximum 5 mg per lamp);普通使用三磷酸盐（每个灯最多不超过5毫克）Triphosphate with long life (maximum 8 mg);长期使用三磷酸盐（最多不超过8毫克）Straight fluorescent lamps fo
48、r special purposes;特殊用途直荧光灯特殊用途直荧光灯Other lamps not specifically mentioned.其他灯具其他灯具Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep
49、step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印危害汞，俗称水银，是惟一的液体金属，汞被歸類為一種危險物質，是吸入性毒物且具有生物累积效应。汞亦對水生生物极具毒性。對人體的效應主要是影響中樞神經及腎臟系統。另外,其在某些環境狀況下具有轉變成有機汞,如环境中任何形式的汞均可在一定条件下转化为剧毒的甲基汞，造成其毒性特質增強。甲基汞进入人体后主要侵害神经系统，尤其是中枢神经系统。甲基汞还可通过胎盘屏障侵害胎儿，使新生儿发生先天性疾病。汞污染还可导致心脏病和高血压等心血管疾病，并可影响人类的肝、甲状腺和皮肤的功能。人类
50、受汞污染伤害的途径有很多，但大多数人是因为食用了被汞污染的鱼类和海洋哺乳动物。由于人类排放的汞随着大气和洋流四处流动，因此全球的鱼类都可能受到了不同程度的污染。RoHS Directive汞汞- 危害危害Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping
51、the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印来源汞主要来源于工业污染,自然状况下存在的汞是非常微量的.汞汙染的来源非常多，例如水中的汞汙染主要來自氯碱、塑料、電池和電子工業排放的廢水；使用含汞的农药或肥料則造成土壤汙染；至大氣中的汞汙染，則來自垃圾焚化炉、燃煤发电场等。污染的汞通常可以分成有機汞、無機汞兩大類。一般工業生產產生的含汞廢水、廢氣、廢渣等為無機汞；透過汙染大氣、水源、食物，進人人體.至於有機汞的形成則是無機汞進人水中，透過微生物的作用，轉化成有機汞。汞有一個
52、顯著的潛能：會生物累積及生物放大。這個結論已在各種不同生物之環境毒性效應被證實。它也很容易在大氣層中作長距離傳輸，因此濕沉降是汞循環的主要步驟之一。RoHS Directive汞汞- 来源来源Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the ch
53、annel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive汞汞- 主要用途（一）主要用途（一）Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldde
54、veloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive汞汞- 主要用途（二）主要用途（二）Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep st
55、ep with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印均质材料中均质材料中汞汞的重量最大浓度值为的重量最大浓度值为0.1%0.1%，即：，即：10001000PPMPPM RoHS Directive汞汞-最大浓度值最大浓度值Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping
56、 the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive汞汞- 检测方法检测方法Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worldd
57、eveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印第四部分：第四部分：六价铬化合物部分六价铬化合物部分Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step wi
58、th worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬- 相关指令相关指令WEEE&RoHS,ELV94/62/EEC包装和包装废物指令 瑞典、荷兰，丹麦等国家的法律法规和管制规定Based on topBased on
59、topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬-实际应用实际应用 金属基材金属基材
60、镀锌层镀锌层(0.5-10m)重铬酸盐层重铬酸盐层(0.2-2m)-防腐和自修防腐和自修复复nMetallic coatings，eg. Zinc electrical plating surface: Anti-Corrosion layer 金属表层、和表面，如电镀锌金属表面的防腐层（钝化层 ）。nMetal plated plastics. 金属电镀的塑料nCoatings, paints, inks for printer 印刷和打印用的油墨、墨水Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channe
61、l to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬- 允许使用（豁免）允许使用（豁免） Anti-corrosion agent for the carbon steel system
62、 cooling system in absorption refrigerators. And phase out with exemption. 碳钢中的防腐剂，和电冰箱制冷剂中的防腐剂。并逐步停止使用。碳钢中的防腐剂，和电冰箱制冷剂中的防腐剂。并逐步停止使用。Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to
63、keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印危害铬是广泛存在于环境中的一种元素，是人体的一种必需微量元素。铬的化合物有二价、三价和六价三种。六价铬及其化合物都溶于水，毒性也最强，三价铬和二价铬毒性都很小。铬对人的毒性主要是六价铬的毒性，主要影响物质的氧化还原和水解过程，与核酸、核蛋白结合影响组织的磷含量。六价铬為吞入性毒物/吸入性極毒物，皮膚接觸可能導致敏感和粘膜的损害；出现接触性皮炎、湿疹和溃疡；更可能造成
64、遺傳性基因缺陷。六价铬对呼吸道有刺激作用，可引起鼻炎、咽炎及支气管炎等，严重者可致鼻中隔穿孔。吸入可能致癌。此外还可出现多发性黏膜溃疡、咽部糜烂、齿龈炎、中毒性肝病、肾炎、贫血和眼结膜炎等。對環境有持久危險性。铬化合物污染是环境中最常见的有害物质之一，对人体健康的危害也很大，因此必须认真对待，采取综合治理措施。RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬-危害危害 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel
65、to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印来源由于铬的用途很广泛，其六价态污染源也很多，主要是含铬的工业三废大量排放，造成空气、水、土壤等的污染。大气和水中铬的本底值很小，当被污染时其含量可明显增加。铬广泛应用于电镀、鞣革、颜料、油漆、合金、印染及印刷等行业，农业上用铬化合物防治害虫，木材加工过程中用铬作为放腐
66、剂。此外，铬还用于医药。六价鉻常在電化學工業中作為鉻酸。此外還用於色素中的著色劑(亦即鉻酸鉛)及冷卻水循環系統中，如吸熱幫浦、工業用冷凍庫及冰箱熱交換器中的防腐蝕劑(重鉻酸鈉（钾）)。鞣革后转化或残留的六价铬。RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬-来源来源 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to ke
67、ep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬-主要用途主要用途 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the
68、channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印均质材料中均质材料中六价铬六价铬的重量最大浓度值为的重量最大浓度值为0.1%0.1%，即：，即：10001000PPMPPM RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬-最大浓度值最大浓度值Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep
69、 step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive六价铬六价铬-检测方法检测方法 Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the ch
70、annel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印有毒有毒物质物质消化消化系统系统呼吸呼吸管道管道中枢中枢神经神经心脏心脏系统系统生殖生殖系统系统肝脏肝脏皮肤皮肤血液血液肾脏肾脏骨胳骨胳铅铅+镉镉+铬（铬（VI)+汞
71、汞+RoHS有害重金属有害重金属危害列表危害列表Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经
72、授权，不得翻印Testmethod检测方法Destroyingmethod破坏性方法Non-destroyingmethod非破坏性方法BSEN1122EPA3050EPA3051orEPA3052Instrument仪器1.AAS-FAAS,GAAS,Hydride-AAS2.AFS3.ICP-AES4.ICP-MS1.XRF2.SEM-EDX3.Differentphasemicroscopy4.FTIRExcellence优点1.操作方便2.技术要求低1.快速，省时2.污染小，较少的废气、废液3.消化更完全4.重现性、回收率好5.测汞，有好的回收率1.分析快速、简单2.保存样品完整性3.
73、无需样品的前处理，省去消化、存取等步骤，没有酸雾等废气、废液的污染4.某些元素有一定高的灵敏度Disadvant-age缺点1.消化时间长，好人力2.重现性差3.污染大，有较多的废气、废液污染4.消化过程危险性较大1.对于塑胶类的消化适用性有待评估2.设备投入大3.对于塑胶样品，危险性大1.无法反映样品全部的元素含量，目前，只有铅/镉.2.不是经典的定量方法，属于半定量范畴3.有较高的干扰.4.是一个非标准方法RoHS有害重金属有害重金属检测方法列表检测方法列表Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the cha
74、nnel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印第五部分：第五部分：多溴联苯多溴联苯PBBsPBBs和和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯醚PBDEsPBDEs部分部分Based on topBased on topBased on
75、 topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 相关指令相关指令WEEE&
76、RoHS,ELV83/264/EEC,德国二恶因法令四溴双酚-A-双-（2，3-二溴丙醚） 荷兰等禁用有害阻燃剂Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSU
77、LTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 实际应用实际应用Flame retardants:阻燃剂Housings; 屏蔽物和遮盖物Printed circuit boards; 印刷电路板Cables. 电缆和电线There are series of compounds concerned. 它们涉及一系列的化合物。它们涉及一系列的化合物。Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel t
78、o keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 实际应用实际应用n PBBs: mainly used for ABS plastic(arylonitri
79、le-butadiene-styrene) 主要用于ABS塑料 US stop used in 1976, EU stop used in 2001 美国于1976年停用，欧盟2001年停用n PBDEs: used in plastics, PCB boards and cables. 用于塑料，印刷电路板和电缆 And Penta/Octa/Deca-BDEs always are available. 五/八/十溴联苯醚经常被使用 - Penta-BDEs: mainly used for phenolic resins/PVC/rubber/PU, 五溴联苯醚：主要用于酚醛树脂/PVC
80、塑胶/橡胶/聚氨酯 - Octa-BDEs: mainly used for ABS/PA/PBT, 八溴联苯醚：主要用于ABS/聚酰氨/聚丁烯 - Deca-BDEs: mainly used for PA, PBT, PET, PVC, PU, rubber, 十溴联苯醚：主要用于聚酰氨/聚丁烯/聚酯/PVC/聚氨酯/橡胶Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with
81、worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 允许使用（豁免）允许使用（豁免）There are currently no exemptions for these brominates flame retardants except Deca-BDE. And Deca-BDE
82、 is under consideration by European Commission.除了十溴联苯醚以外无豁免，十溴联苯醚正在重新评估之中。Penta-/Octa-BDEs have already banned by EU directive-2003/11/EEC.五溴联苯醚和八溴联苯醚已经被欧盟指令2003/11/EEC所禁用。Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep st
83、ep with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印毒性物质，能影响内分泌系统及胎儿的生长溴系阻燃剂欧盟限制PBB于纺织品中的使用当添加了多溴联苯类阻燃剂的塑料产品在未受控制的热制程中(指溫度低於1200)或焚烧处理时，可能形成溴化二苯二恶因或呋喃(PBDD/F)。此二者均属于致癌性和致畸胎性物质。這些物质可能造成严重且影响范围广泛的空气、
84、土壤、水污染。PBBs / PBDEs / PBBEs (多多溴溴联联苯苯 / 多多溴溴联联苯醚苯醚 / 多溴化多溴化联联苯醚苯醚)RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 危害危害Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddevelop
85、ing the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 最大浓度值最大浓度值均质材料中均质材料中PBB、PBDE的重量最大浓度值为的重量最大浓度值为0.1%0.1%， 即：即：10001000PPMPPM Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddevel
86、oping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印RoHS Directive多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚- 检测方法检测方法Based on topBased on topBased on topBased on top，developing the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worlddeveloping the channel to keep step with worldGREEM CONSULTINGGREEM CONSULTING未经授权，不得翻印未经授权，不得翻印Thank you !Thank you !冠智达顾问冠智达顾问
