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1、Topic SentenceIf you want to write effectively, one thing you need to bear in mind is that English writing is more reader-centeredreader-centered. In other words, you need to make sure that your paper is clearly structured and easy to follow logically.IntroductionBody (several paragraphs)ConclusionB
2、ody paragraphs develop the writing plan or outline, and provide support to the thesis (main idea of the paper) stated in the introduction. A paragraph is a group of related sentences developing a single topic.A paragraph is composed ofA topic sentenceSupport details I need a water bottle for the hik
3、e in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack. I can use a camera to take pictures of unusual or attractive places.A: A: No, No, it it isnt. isnt. Without a central idea, a group of sentences
4、is just a list, and not an actual paragraph.Writing a topic sentence I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack. I can use a camera to take pictures of unus
5、ual or attractive places.Can we make it a paragraph?How can we make it a paragraph?We can make it a paragraph by giving it a central idea, or a focus. We give it a focus by stating the central idea in one sentence, which is called the topic sentence.Writing a topic sentence I need many items to be r
6、eady for a safe, enjoyable hike. I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack. I can use a camera to take pictures of unusual or attractive places.A topic sen
7、tence expresses the central the central idea of the paragraphidea of the paragraph.Topic sentences serve to lead the writers through your paper easily. A topic sentence is to a paragraph what a thesis is to a paper: it expresses the it expresses the central idea of the paragraphcentral idea of the p
8、aragraph.The remainder of the paragraph further develops or gives support for the topic sentence.A carefully thought out topic sentence will serve two important functions. First, it will provide the author the means to stay focused on your objective. Its a lot easier to write if you know what you ar
9、e going to write about.Second, a clearly stated topic sentence will provide readers with the tools they need to clearly understand what you have to say.Look at the following example. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?Topic sentence should be a complete sentence with a comp
10、lete meaning. (主题句必须是意义完整的一个完整句子。主题句必须是意义完整的一个完整句子。) How to read a novel. Anyone can learn how to read a novel. (X)()Topic sentence should not be too general and should be clear in meaning. (主题句内容不能太泛，必须内容清楚。主题句内容不能太泛，必须内容清楚。) Television is very important. Television plays an educational role in dai
11、ly life. (X)()Requirements of a Good Topic SentenceTopic sentence should have practical content. (主题句内容必须具体。主题句内容必须具体。)To improve reading ability, one needs to acquire some reading skills. To improve English proficiency, one need to acquire some skills. (X)()Requirements of a Good Topic SentenceTopi
12、c sentence should not be a specific description. (描写细节的句子不能作主题句。描写细节的句子不能作主题句。) 1. He sent his wife a diamond ring on her thirtieth birthday. 2. They moved to a new apartment last month. 3. Today more and more women are going out to work. 4. He encountered an old friend yesterday.(X)(X)(X)(X)Require
13、ments of a Good Topic SentenceBefore writing any essay or even a paragraph, it is important to think 1. the topic 2. what you want to say about the topic. Most often, the topic is easy, but the question then turns to what you want to say about the topic which is the controlling idea. Topic sentences
14、 should always contain (1) a topictopic (2) a controlling ideacontrolling idea. Before writing any essay or even a paragraph, it is important to think 1. the topic 2. what you want to say about the topic. Most often, the topic is easy, but the question then turns to what you want to say about the to
15、pic which is the controlling idea. Topic sentences should always contain (1) a topictopic (2) a controlling ideacontrolling idea. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop. Topic: effective leadership Controlling idea: specific qualities In order to fully explore the w
16、reck of the Titanic, scientists must address several problems. Topic: to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic Controlling idea: several problemsWhat is the main topic? What is the main topic? Avoiding burglariesLocking doorsLeaving lights onBuying an alarm systemWhat is the main topic? What is the
17、 main topic? Knowing your neighborsWalking to workGrowing up in a small townLiving a simpler lifestyleWhat is the main topic? What is the main topic? Effective leadershipClear goalsBroad visionCommunicative abilityWhat is the main topic? What is the main topic? Stop the bicycle safelyRepair a flat t
18、ire on a bicycleFind a quiet place away from the roadRemove the tireUse a patch kit to fix the tubeReplace the tireWhat is the main topic? What is the main topic? Walk on short errandsUse stairs instead of elevatorMaintain a healthy lifestyleAvoid overeatingEat good foodsThe park is a pleasant place
19、 for everyone. Little kids like to play on the swings and slides. Older children can play little league baseball or other team sports at the larger parks. Teenagers often play Frisbee on the grass or volleyball in the sand. Adults enjoy taking walks, and some seniors like to sit on the park benches
20、and feed the birds.In the above example, the topic sentence appears at the beginning of a paragraph. And remember, this is where topic sentences are often expected to appear. Look at another example, and decide which sentence is the main idea of the paragraph.Some people walk on a treadmill at home
21、or ride a bicycle. Others like to go out dancing, do aerobics, or work out in a gym. Some other people prefer to swim. Most people have a favorite way to exercise.Yes, in the above example, the topic sentence appears at the end of the paragraph.What about the following paragraph? Some people leave t
22、oo many lights on around the house. Some arent careful about how much water they use. Americans waste a lot of resources. Most people buy products with a lot of unnecessary packaging that isnt good for the environment.Right, a topic sentence can even appear in the middle of a paragraph. But this doe
23、snt happen often. Now lets turn to another example.Dogs in the US are treated like humans. People talk to their dogs and buy them special toys and clothing. There are special parks, hotels, restaurant, and bakeries for dogs. Some owners take their dog to see a psychiatrist as well as the veterinaria
24、n. American dogs are spoiled like kids.Here, the topic sentence is stated in different ways in both the beginning and the end of a paragraph.How about the next example?Im over 21 years of age. I am a citizen of the United States. I have not been convicted of a felony. And I have not been treated or
25、confined for drug addiction, drunkenness, or mental illness. According to the National Firearms of Act of 1934, I thus qualify to purchase a fully automatic machine gun capable of firing hundreds of bullets with a single squeeze of the trigger. On rare occasions, the topic sentence need not be direc
26、tly stated at all; instead, it may be implied.Here the central idea of the paragraph is: Guns are too readily available in the United States. Although a topic sentence may appear in different places in a paragraph, it is usually expected to appear in the beginning of a paragraph. Placing the topic s
27、entence at the beginning of the paragraph is often useful.1) It allows the writer to signal to the reader what the paragraph is about, and in this way the writer can also prevent irrelevant material from appearing in the paragraph.2) The reader will know what to look for in the paragraph and will gr
28、asp the writers points better.So when you do your writing, make sure make sure each paragraph has a topic sentence that each paragraph has a topic sentence that appears as the first sentence in the appears as the first sentence in the paragraph.paragraph.Look at the following paragraphs written by y
29、our fellow students in the final exam. Please ignore the language errors. Is there a topic sentence? If yes, is it effective?If not, can you come up with a topic sentence for the paragraph?In our English listening and speaking class, we use computer-assisted instruction. Its very convenient, we can
30、talk to the teacher with the microphones, and we can hear the listening and teachers instruction clearly at a moderate volume. Its really wonderful. If we have any question, we can just press the button on the table and then the teacher will answer our question.The Computer-assisted Instruction syst
31、em really makes school work much easier and convenient for both teachers and students. Teachers dont need to write on so many papers, they just have to click the mouse, it will save a lot of time. And for students, we can save time handing in our homework, we just need to send an email to our studen
32、ts.There are so many information created everyday and as a result much of them cannot be found out in books, so the computer become more and more important. It is the same with the class because we need something the latest about our class. The CAI can provide the latest information we need in our c
33、lass and we can have a closer touch with the subject.First of all, though CAI has something superior to blackboard in the way of showing pictures, movies or something else, I think CAI lacks a way letting teachers and students communication. Studying is a progress and you should not just show a slid
34、e next to a slide instead of writing the way you think on the blackboard. In addition, students can have access to the ppt even though they do not listen to the class. CAI encourages students absence in the class in another way. Sometimes, some teachers just read after what ppt reads and its very bo
35、ring.I didnt need to worry about my poor eyesight because the projector will make the words big enough. When I unfortunately sit in the last few rows of the class, I can still hear clearly because of the mobile microphone. Despite all of these advantages, CAI can also make the information more clear
36、ly, especially when the teacher need to show an accurate picture in Engineering class. Maybe it will cost a teacher much more time to make a ppt after class, but It do save a lot of time in class.Through the CAI, students can get more information and resources of study not only from books, but also
37、in the computers. A large amount of data can be stored in the Internet, and students can have access to it anytime and anywhere with a computer linked to the computer. Students can also control the path of study with the help of CAI. They can make the best use of time to study.文章中所有的内容都要围绕着文章的中心思想。T
38、oo much emphasis on success is not a good thing. (thesis in introduction)P2.P2. Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive. the danger of too success I particularly acute. I recall from my childhood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as “ Olympic material” while the rest of us were
39、playing, bicycling, reading and just loafing, this girl skated every day after school and all weekend. Years later, however, she spoke bitterly of those early triumphs. “i never prepared myself for anything but the ice, she said, “ I peaked at 17and its been downhill ever since.”P3.P3.Success that c
40、omes too easily is also damaging. The child who wins a prize for a carelessly-written essay, the adult who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probe disappointment when real challenges arise.P4.P4.Successs is also bad when its achieved at the cost of the total quality of an
41、experience. Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their school years. They never branch out into tempting new areas, because they dont want to risk their grade-point average. 主题句主题句 支持句1 支持句2 支持句3练习可以给学生一个或几个议论文的题目，让他们写三个支持自己观点的论据，也就是三个主题句。写好后互相看看。后面三次涉及段
42、落的作文课上让他们分别完成三个段落，分别侧重统一性、连贯性和完整性，写完以后由同桌互评。Id like to introduce my pet dog, we call her as Beli, she is charming with white fur. The girl is the apple of my familys eyes. Although she has little bones, she carries on the heavy mission- watching my house. On the one hand, she is loyal. She would kee
43、p her responsive eyes, like a hero to keep watch on the strangers who happen to passing my door. On the other hand, she is naughty, she likes to wear different styles of clothing pretending to be a model on the show. Perhaps this is the special about my lovely pet. Beli is my favorite pet dogs name
44、who is a little girl and the apple of my family eye. She is so charming with white fur, and without any confusion in her eyes. Wearing different styles of clothing, she can become a super model of fashionable T stage. Although she has small build, she still can take great responsibility of doorkeeper with her sharp vigilance and never failed her course of duty to protect my familys security. She will bark to remind us of any stranger who is passing by our front door and repulse any guy who trying to invade my house especially during the night.
