高中语法总结PowerPoint演示文稿

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1、英语语法高中版目录：第一章第一章现在完成时现在完成时和和现在完成进行时现在完成进行时第二章第二章被动语态被动语态第三章第三章动词不定式动词不定式第四章第四章动名词动名词第五章第五章分词分词第六章第六章助动词和情态动词助动词和情态动词第七章第七章动词语气动词语气第八章第八章强调句、语序和倒装强调句、语序和倒装第九章第九章名词从句名词从句第十章第十章定语从句定语从句第十一章第十一章状语从句状语从句第十二章第十二章主谓一致主谓一致1.现在完成时 the present perfect tense过去发生的而与现在的情况有关的事或状态，或者是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间内发生的情况。【一定与现在有关

2、系】现在完成时的用法：“继续”、“完成”、“经验”、“结果”。 My father has worked here for nearly 30 years. 【从过去继续到现在的动作或状态】 I have visited the state of Michigan twice.【过去某时刻发生的动作使现在有某种经验】 I have just finished my homework.【现在已经完成的动作】 I have lost my dictionary.【过去发生了某动作导致现在的结果】四种用法的时间状语：继续since, for, How long?, all, etc.经验often,

3、 ever, never, before, once, times完成already, just, yet, etc.结果不需要时间状语2.表示继续的现在完成时【一定要和现在有关系，否则只需要用一般过去时】 I began to study English three years ago. I still study English now. I have studied English since three years ago.常用的时间状语：for+时间；since+过去某时。“for+时间”可以和各种时态连用，千万不要产生误解，认为它只用于完成时。He studied in Beiji

4、ng University for 4 years in 1960s. 此句是过去时，与现在无关，只是在过去的二十世纪六十年代发生的事，同样可以用“for+时间”。“since+过去的时间”表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态一直继续到现在，此时，since是介词。Ive learned to dance since three years ago.We have known each other since we were children.注意注意注意注意：通常since引导的从句的动词是用过去时，而主句原则上是用现在完成时，但用“its+时间”开始的句子例外。Its ten years sin

5、ce we left school. 其它时间副词：always, often, these days (months, years), recently (lately), so far=up to now=till now=until now, in the last (past) few years3.表示经验的现在完成时1. 过去时：Helen read the novel three years ago and she read the novel again and again.2. 现在时：Now she knows the novel (or Now she remembers

6、 the novel).1+2=33. 现在完成时：Helen has read the novel three times.常用表示经验的时间状语：置于句中的 时间状语（副词）often, ever, never。注意never的位置，如，No, I never haveNo, I have never done that.放在句末的时间状语：表示频率的副词，before, yetShe has read the poem once.I have taught English in this school before.have (has) been辨析4.表示完成、结果的现在完成时【表示结

7、果的完成时，往往不必用时间状语】I finished my homework yesterday. 昨天做完了作业。（和现在无关，现在也许又在做作业）Ive just finished my homework. 已经做完作业。（现在没有作业可做）I opened the window. 过去的动作The window is open now. 过去的动作对现在的影响还存在I have opened the window. 我已经打开了窗户。表示完成的时间状语（副词）：already, just, yet.放在句中的副词 already, justI have already written a

8、 letter to my teacher.I have just phoned him.注意：already有时也用在疑问句中Has she arrived at the station already? （暗示惊讶的心情，可能她动作很慢，没想到已经到了，给人出乎意料的感觉）放在句末的副词 yetI havent had lunch yet. 在否定句中，yet译为“还”。Has she seen the doctor yet? 在疑问句中，yet译为“已经”。（not yet常代替否定句）5.使用现在完成时需要注意的事项1. just now和just的区别两者皆可译为“刚才”，但just

9、 now一般用于过去时，而just用于现在完成时，而且它们在句中的位置也不同。（just now置于句末，just置于have/has后）2. Today, this morning, this afternoonHe didnt do his homework this afternoon. 根据时态是过去时可以推测说话时已经是晚上了，所以此句要译为“他今天下午没做作业”He hasnt done his homework this afternoon.根据时态是现在完成时可以推测现在还是下午，如果是晚上应该用hadnt，所以此句要译为“他今天下午还没做作业呢” 【下午说话时，他还有可能去做

10、作业】He arrived here a little late today, because he got up late and didnt catch the bus. 他迟到了，因为他晚起，而且没赶上车。到达arrived的动作已经过去了。He has been busy today. 仅太难很忙。【截止到说话时，仍是今天，他仍很忙。】3. 注意地点状语的运用【有时一个地点状语会影响时态的运用，因为这个地点状语限定了时间】I bought this watch in Shanghai.“在上海”就限定了买手表这个动作发生在过去的某个时间，而我们就不能把这个动作和现在联系起来了，所以这个

11、句子虽然没有时间状语，但这个地点限定了此句只能用过去时。4. 几种时态表同一意思”他离开中国已经两年了”一般过去时：He left China two years ago.一般现在时：It is two years since he left China. 【句型：it is +时间+since+过去时态的句子】现在完成时：He has been away from China for 2 years.6.现在完成进行时1. 现在完成时侧重于动作的结束或完成；而现在完成进行时则侧重于动作的未结束和继续进行。而且现在完成进行时基本上没有否定时态。2. He hasnt been sleeping

12、 for 5 hours. 否定词看似否定的是谓语hasnt been sleeping，但实际上却否定了状语for 5 hours。译为“他没有一直睡五个小时。”也许是四个小时，或三个小时。3. 现在完成进行时可用于强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。Miller has always been studying hard. 米勒学习总是非常努力。（赞许的感情色彩）4. 动作不包含持续意思的动词要用现在完成进行时，表示延续到现在的动作。The artist has painted the painting. 画家画完了画。The artist has been painting the pa

13、inting. 画家一直在画画。5. 现在完成进行时有时也用来表示一种在现在以前这个阶段反复发生的事。Ive always been thinking of her but I cant see her.He has been promising me to help you. Hasnt he done it?6.用于现在完成进行时的时间状语基本上和现在完成时的时间状语相同。现在完成时表示已做完的事情及已有的经验但现在完成进行时则无这两种作用7.被动语态 Passive voice英语中时态的种类：过去，现在，将来，一般，进行，完成，组合十六种。一般过去时；一般现在时；一般将来时；过去进行时

14、；现在进行时；将来进行时；过去完成时；现在完成时；将来完成时；过去将来时；过去将来完成时；过去将来进行时；现在完成进行时；将来完成进行时；过去完成进行时；过去将来完成进行时；被动语态的几种复杂时态：现在完成时The lifesaver has saved more than twenty lives.More than twenty lives have been saved (by the lifesaver).过去完成时They had built ten bridges by 1980.Ten bridges had been built (by them) by 1980.【by th

15、em 和by 1980意义不同，后者是时间状语，不能省略】过去将来时Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening.Mother said the naughty boy would be punished.将来完成时【使用很少】We shall have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month.Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month.过去将来完成时【使用很少】He sa

16、id he would have learned five thousand words by 2000.He said five thousand words would have been learned (by him) by 2000.8.没有被动结构的时态完成进行时的被动结构：用完成时。The builders have been building this skyscraper for two months.This skyscraper has been built for two months.将来完成时的被动结构：用一般将来时。You will be doing the ex

17、periment here at this time next Monday.The experiment will be done here at this time next Monday.被动语态的几种类型有两个宾语的句子的被动语态：主动句：S + V + IO（间宾）+ DO（直宾）被动句：S（原IO）+ be + 原DO + by + 原主语之宾格 S（原DO）+ be + 过去分词 + by + 原主语之宾格可有两种被动语态的动词：award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tellHe lent me a bik

18、e.A bike was lent to me (by him).I was lent a bike (by him).通常用直宾做被动语态主语的一些动词：bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write, sewHe wrote her a letter.A letter was written (to) her by him.She was written a letter.（不合习惯）通常用间宾做被动语态主语的一些动词：answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spareI refused her the invita

19、tion.She was refused the invitation by me.The invitation was refused him by me.（不合习惯）含有宾语补足语的句子（SVOC）的被动语态：补足语放在过去分词后，其位置虽然保持不变，但语法功能变了此时的补语不在是宾语的补语，而变成了主语的补语。He saw a thief steal something from the room.A thief was seen to steal something from the room.9.由非短语动词形成的被动语态：介词或副词的位置与短语动词形成的被动语态比起来很不固定，非常

20、灵活。The students danced around the visitors.the visitors were danced around (by the students).Around (by the students) the visitors were danced.注意：will用于第一人称是表说话者的意志，因此改为被动语态时，其主语you, he第二、第三人称，须用shall，以表说话者“我”的意志。I will ask him.He shall be asked (by me).否定祈使句的被动语态：主动句Dont + V（原形） + O被动句Dont + O（原宾语）

21、 + be + 过去分词Dont tell him the truth.Dont let the truth be told to him.被动语态与系表结构的区别1. 根据状语来区别：有时间状语或方式状语的，一般为被动语态，反之则为系表结构。2. 根据所用的时态来区别：被动语态的时态要与它的相应主动语态句子一致，系表结构不需要考虑时态一致问题；系表结构只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时，不能用于其他时态。而被动语态除了不用与完成进行时和将来进行时外，可用于其它任何时态。3. 根据动词的种类来区别：不及物动词没有被动语态，除非它后面有介词或副词。所以be+不及物动词的过去分词

22、一般不是被动语态，而是系表结构。如下：表状态be gone, be returned, be fallen, be risen, be retired.表智力活动结果be learned, be educated, be mistaken, be known.表心态be ashamed, be interested, be astonished, be excited, be pleased.【有时这些表心态的动词和可接by来表达被动意义】 be+延续动词的过去分词只表被动语态,如下：be admired, be loved, be respected, be encouraged, be p

23、raised.10.学习被动语态应注意的事项感官动词表示状态或结果时；宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小、程度时，主动表示被动这类动词有：smile, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, remain, prove, appear, fall, turncost, weigh, number, keep, wash, drink, sellclean, lock, translate, read, last, write, cook, tear, cut, burn, strike, pull, act, last, feelhave/get sth/sb +

24、过去分词have和get的区别是，get是出自本身的意愿，而have则出于无奈和自愿。I had my watch stolen. 我的手表被偷了。I got my watch stolen.我让我的手表被偷了。（自愿）主语+want/ need/ require/ doing (= to be done)The baby wants (needs, requires) examining.The car is under repair. (being repaired now)This kind of computer is in use. (being used now)11.动词不定式

25、Infinitive动词不定式与动名词、分词一样是动词的一种非谓语形式；它前面一般要有一个不定时符号“to”；为了把它与介词to区分开，也叫它“小品词”，它没有词性。不定式在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以当主语、表语、宾语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。动词不定式还保留了许多动词的特点，如：它可以有自己的宾语；He likes to play football.可以有状语来修饰；The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.可以带自己的主语;To draw such a picture is not easy.12.不定式的名

26、词性不定式做主语【谓语动词用单数】1. 常见带形式主语it的句型有： It is easy (difficult, hard, important, right, impossible, necessary, wise, kind, cruel, nice) to do It is pleasure (pity, pleasing thing, crime, an honor) to do It takes sb. some time to do sth.2. for和of做不定式逻辑上的主语时的区别：for sb.的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词。It is important for u

27、s to express our opinions. (to do sth. is important)of sb.的句型一般用于表示主观感情或态度的形容词。It is clever of him to leave that country. (sb. is clever)不定式做表语常见的动词如be, seem, remain, appear, get等，用来说明主语的内容；常见的主语如ones dream, business, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty及what one wants to do等。不定式做宾语【动宾和介宾】1. 句型：主

28、语+及物动词+ it +宾语补足语+ to + VWe think it important to obey the laws.I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.为了避免重复，作宾语的不定式第二次出现时往往省略，只保留不定式符号to. 下列动词后：want, wish, hope, like, hate, plan, try, love; 下列助动词后：have to, ought to, need;在be able to, used to 和 be going to 后

29、。2. 当介词but, except, besides前面有一个实意动词do时，介词后面的不定式可以省略to。另外，介词instead of前后两个成分必须对等，如果前面一个成分是一个不定式，后面的不定式就可以省略to。除but, except, besides外，个别介词可用”连接代词/副词+不定式“作宾语。What do you like to do besides play games?We want to watch TV instead of go out for a walk.The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.13.不定式的形

30、容词性在他所修饰词的后面，而且往往放在其他后置定语的后面。动宾关系如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词，就要在其后加一个介词，使被修饰的词成为该介词的逻辑宾语。He is looking for a room to live in.有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面也应该有必要的介词。Please pass me some paper to write on.注意：当不定式修饰的词是place, time, way时，不定式后边的介词可以省略。He has no money and no place to live.I think the best way to t

31、ravel (by) is on foot.主谓关系不定式所修饰的名词或代词是它的逻辑主语。The factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.A factory which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.当不定式修饰的是序数词或是形容词最高级所修饰的名词时，或者这个名词被省略时，这个名词和不定式之间也是逻辑上的主谓关系。She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting.Li Ming was

32、the first (person) to arrive.不定式修饰something, anything, nothing。句型：不定代词+形容词+不定式I want something to read.【此句意为“我要一些可读的东西”，to read作形容词修饰something；而“I want to read something”意为“我想读点儿东西”，to read作名词，作want的宾语，而something在不定式中作to read的宾语】14.不定式做定语，有时用主动语态表示被动含义There be句型中，there is a letter to write.可以理解为“the

33、re is a letter (for me) to write.”再如：there is no time to lose.=there is no time (for us) to lose.比较：Im going to the post office, I know you have a letter to post. Let me post it for you.Thank you, but I have no letter to be posted now.第一句中句子的主语和不定式的主语一致，所以用主动表示被动含义；第二句中，不定式的主语不是句子的主语I ，而是第一句里的you，所以

34、要用被动语态。当不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表达被动含义。We have no homework to do.【主语we是不定式的逻辑主语，可以理解为“we do no homework”】当不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表示被动含义。Please buy me some newspaper to read.Ill give u some novel to read on the journey.15.不定式的副词性表原因He is lucky to get ther

35、e./ Lee seemed willing to do that.The house is very comfortable to live in./ We found him was easy to get along with.表目的【前置以将强语气，如需进一步加强，可加in order / so as 】（in order）To serve the people well I study hard.比较：so as to引导的目的状语不能放在句首，in order to可以；so as to也可以表示结果，但要分开写：soas to + do，如They started so earl

36、y as to catch the first bus.表结果经常和only, never连用，强调结果和失望的情绪。I hurried to get there only to find him out.其他用法在too前面加only或but（相当与really）以加强语气。He is only too glad to come here.【He is too wise not to see that.意为“他很聪明，不会不懂那一点。”】不定式在句中作为独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont think the film is good.To be frank,

37、you are lying.He knows English and French, not to speak of German.16.不定式作宾语补足语可以省略to在某些感官动词（feel, hear, listen to, watch, look at, notice, observe）和使役动词（let, have, make）后作宾语补足语时，省去to，但在被动语态中不可省。Did u hear anyone say anything about it?The workers were made to work day and night.to be结构动词think, consid

38、er, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take后，不定式作宾补时常用to be结构。不定式作主语补足语，要符合三个条件：句子的谓语动词是被动语态；句子的主语必须是动词不定式逻辑上的主语；动词不定式在主动句中作宾补。This room was said to have been cleaned.It was said that the room had been cleaned.He was told to be quiet.The teacher told him to be quiet.17.不定式中省去to的情况在感官动词和使役动词之后

39、只有当have, make当使役动词时，才省去不定式作宾补时的小品词to，当它们为实意动词时不能省。They made a lot of flowers to decorate the room.两个以上不定式并列I promised to finish my work and hand it in on time. (, and to hand it in)但是在对照的场合，to不可以省。Its better to laugh than to cry.有介词but, except, besides，而且其前面有实意动词do时，不定式在介词后可以省去to。The enemy can do no

40、thing but surrender.The enemy had nothing to choose but to surrender.不定式作宾语重复时可省在go, come后作目的状语的不定式Go ask your father./ You should go say “Thank you”.在系动词be后作表语时What I want to do is have a good rest.句型Why not do sth?/ Why do sth?几个句型词组I prefer to go to the movies rather than (to) stay home.prevent/

41、stop/ save/ keep sb. from doing sth.注意：suggest的两种含义，“建议”和“表明”He suggested a way out of the difficulty.I suggest putting the meeting off.The teacher suggested that the students (should) relax themselves on Sunday.His pale face suggests he is in poor health.suggest后不跟不定式！18.动名词动名词Gerund动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、

42、宾语和定于。作主语【谓语动词一律用单数】It is no use (useless) talking too much.It is no good crying.It trains the ear listening to music.There is no doing = It is impossible to do = No one can doThere is no telling what will happen.Its impossible to tell what will happen.No one can tell what will happen.作表语【表语和主语常常可以互

43、换】One of his habit is not speaking clearly. =Not speaking clearly is one of his habit.动名词和不定式做表语的区别：动名词接近于名词，所表示的动作比较抽象，或者是习惯性的；而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。作宾语【注意固定搭配的词组】动名词和不定式做宾语有区别的情况：I like skating, But I dont like to skate today. 前者表习惯，后者表暂时的动作。She hates to smoke before other people. And she hate

44、s smoking.前者指他自己不抽，后者指她讨厌所有抽烟的人。The girl has learned to cook.表示学会做什么事。The girl has learned cooking.表示她学过，但不知道做得好不好。作定语【表示所修饰词的用途】The swimming pool belongs to our school.He wants to improve his teaching method.He will be surprised at my (me) calling.动名词不作主语，可以用代词的宾格或所有格。My presence makes them angry.但

45、如果做主语，只能是物主代词或名词所有格。It is no use doing sth.It is no good doing sth.It is of no use to do sth.It is useless to do sth.19.动名词的主动形式代替被动形式 want need主语（物）+ require （需要）+ doing（动名词的主动形式） deserve want need=主语 + require （需要） + to be done （不定式的被动形式） deserve 主语+ be worth doing = 主语 + be worthy to be done.（推荐）

46、/ of being done. The book is well worth reading again.此句中用well修饰worth而不是very，同时reading后不能加it，因为reading的逻辑主语就是句子的主语the book，不能重复出现。20.分词分词Participle分词、动名词、不定式作定语时的区别21.分词作状语和不定式作状语的区别不定式作状语：主要是作目的状语和结果状语，还有一些作原因状语；分词作状语：一般表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随等情况。（很少用于目的和结果）表原因的不定式Im sorry to hear that./ They rejoiced

47、to get together first.表原因的分词短语【在句子任何位置都可以，而且要带有逗号】The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didnt fully explain the seriousness of her condition.用作介词或连词的分词supposing, 假设、假如、设想 according to, 按照considering, 认为 including, 包括 granted, 认为独立主格分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语，（他们之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系）。这个逻辑上

48、的主语一般是由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称之为独立主格。Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school.It being Sunday, you neednt go to school.After all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.If weather permits, well go to the Summer Palace.Wea

49、ther permitting, Well go to the Summer Palace.22.情态动词和助动词情态动词和助动词Auxiliary verb & Modal auxiliary23.May not的三个意思：作“不可以”解，表不允许（=must not）May I go? No. you may not. (=mast not)回答can？答句中的may not为“可能不”之意Can it be true? It may be, or may not be.may not也表示“可以不”You may not go.May/ might的惯用语：may well + 动词原形

50、 （=have good reason to）理所当然You may well say so.你说的对。may (might) as well （= had better）最好You may as well say so.may as well + 动词原形 + as + 动词原形You might as well throw your money away as lend it to him.Shall we carry it for you? 与 lets carry it. 意思上很相近。ought to和should的用法比较：ought to 表示“道义”上的责任，是从“义务”或“按

51、理推断”的角度来讲的；should表示从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。would与used to sth.同义，都表示过去多次发生的习惯动作，但used to表较有规则的习惯，would较无规则。When I pass my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.used to的用法：【过去的习惯或某时的状况，但现在已不存在】He used to smoke. （but now he never smokes.）When he was young, he would smoke a lot.（不含有和现在的比较，现在

52、他或许还在抽烟，也许不抽了）be used to中的to是介词，所有后面可以跟名词、代词或动名词，而used to后需跟动词不定式，to是小品词。24.need和dare的用法Dare作为情态动词，用于否定句和疑问句，可以用于表示怀疑的名次从句和条件状语从句中。 I wonder how he dares say such things. I wonder how he dares to say such things. If the enemy dare enter the village, well fight against them to the end.You dare go, so

53、 dare I.（错）作为情态动词不能用于肯定句中作为情态动词不能用于肯定句中 You dare to go, so do I. （对）Dare作为实意动词，多用于肯定句中，但在疑问句和否定句中也可运用。和实意动词一样dare在句子中要随着主语的人称和书发生变化。You dare not go. = You dont dare to go.He doesnt dare to walk at night.Need作为情态动词和dare一样，用于否定句和疑问句，一般不用于肯定句之中，肯定句中常用must, have to, ought to, should等。作为情态动词，他的词形只有一个need

54、。Need he go yesterday? =Did he need to go yesterday?25.动词语气动词语气Verbs mood26.错综时间条件句：错综时间条件句：主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这是动词的形式并不完全按照上述表格来进行，而需要按照各自的时间来调整，这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句。If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be all right now. 现在就已经好了。If you had followed the doctors advice, you wou

55、ld have been all right then. 当时就好了。If I hadnt finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow. 从句表示与过去事实相反，主句表示与将来事实相反。含蓄条件句：含蓄条件句：不用条件句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。用with, without等介词短语或分词短语或者独立主格结构来替代条件从句。We might have died without your help. = We might have died if you hadnt helped us

56、.Having known in time, we could have stopped it. =If we had known it in time, we could have stopped it.用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构。otherwise,否则，不然 in case, 假如but that, 要不是 on condition (that), 条件是unless, 除非 suppose / supposing (that), 假如so long as, 只要 providing / provided (that), 如果I was busy last week, other

57、wise I would have come to see you.I was busy last week, If I had not been busy last week, I would have come to see you.虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装：虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装：符合下列条件的可以省略符合下列条件的可以省略if:，必须是非真是条件句，真是条件句不可以省略，必须是非真是条件句，真是条件句不可以省略if；2，只有当非真实条件句中有，只有当非真实条件句中有were, had, should, would等词时，才可以省略等词时，才可以省略if，把这些词放在主语前；，把这些词

58、放在主语前；3，省略，省略if时，主语与时，主语与were, had, should的位置必须相互调换。的位置必须相互调换。If I should meet her, I would tell her. = Should I meet her, I would tell her.（万一）If I were in your position, I would do it better. = Were I in your position, I would do it better.27.虚拟语气在一些从句中的用法在宾语从句中的用法在suggest, insist, order, demand,

59、request, command, propose, desire等动词后作宾语从句时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。主语 + should（可省略） + 动词原形The PLA men ordered that all the enemy （should） give up.suggest的用法：当“建议”解，后面的宾语从句才用虚拟语气； 当“暗示”、“略微透露”、“表明”解，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He suggests that she should leave the house at once.His face suggested that he was angry.sug

60、gest + 动名词（不能跟不定式）：He suggested going there at once.insist的用法：当“坚称说”解，不用虚拟语气；/ 当“坚决要求”、“硬要”解，它后面的宾语从句才用虚拟语气。He insisted that he was innocent.He insisted that they (should) show him their passports.在wish后的宾语从句中需要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似非真实条件句中从句时态的应用时态后移。与现在事实相反用过去时：How I wish I were you.与过去事实相反用过去完成：He

61、wishes he hadnt made the big mistake.与将来的愿望相反，愿望难以实现用过去将来：I wish I could be of more use in the future.wish和hope比较wish + 从句，表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气；hope + 从句，表示可能实现的事实，不能用虚拟语气。He hopes that we will go there will him.He wishes we would go there with him.主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句一样，如果不表示建议、命令、愿望等情绪，不用虚拟语气。28.定语从句中的虚拟

62、语气It is (was) (high) time that + 主语 + should + v. or It is (was) (high) time that + 主语 + + 过去时It is time that you should（不能省）（不能省） have a class.= It is time that you had a class.在表“感情”状语从句中的虚拟：表愿望、惊奇等情绪的感情状语从句中用虚拟语气，句中的should做“竟然、居然”解，美式英语中should常省略。 sorry should + 动词原形 表现在或将来主语 surprised + that + 主

63、语 disappointed should + 完成时 过去时比较as if (though)和seem (appear) seem和appear是叙述事实或近乎事实，要用陈述语气；as if和as though是指事实上不是但好像是，要用虚拟语气。29.强调句、语序和倒装强调句、语序和倒装Stress sentence. Order and Inversion强调句应注意事项：强调句中通常强调主语、宾语、状语、短语和从句，it本身没有意义；强调句中的连词一般只用who, whom, that，即使在强调时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此；that或who, whom之后动词的人称和数要与它前

64、面被强调的名词或代词一致；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时，原句谓语动词是一般过去时，过去完成时和过去进行时时，用it was，其余的时态用it is。常见放在句首的否定词 barely never 从不 by no meansno sooner (than) 一就 in no case not 不 in no way 绝不 not a bit一点也不 on no consideration not until 直到 才 Under no circumstances not only but also 不但而且 in no circumstances nowhere 没有地方 r

65、arely hardly seldom scarcely little几乎没有，一点也不30.名词性从句Nounclause名词性从句和名词一样，在句中可担任主语、表语、宾语和同位语；名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。必背必背：whoever= any one who = no matter who whomever= any one whom = no matter whomwhosever= any one whose = no matter whosewhichever= anything that = no matter whichwhatever= anythi

66、ng that = no matter whatwhat =先行词 + which/ thatI doubt (am not sure) whether / if 我怀疑 是否 I dont doubt (am sure) that我毫不怀疑 【dont doubt= believe】I doubt whether he can speak English.Do you doubt that he can speak English?名词从句中应注意事项：that可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中。在这些从句中它只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义。that引导主语从句

67、和宾语从句时，要移动到后面，用形式主语和形式宾语表达；连接代词和副词在名词从句中都不能省略。连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what在名词从句中除了起连接作用外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、表语等成分；连接副词when, where, how, why除了起连接作用外，还在从句中做状语，保留其疑问意义，没有先行词；名词性从句，除宾语从句外，其它时态不受主句限制。31.定语从句定语从句Attributive clause定于可以由形容词、代词、数次、名词、分词、副词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就叫定语从句，因为主要由形容词担任定语，所以

68、也可以称它为形容词从句。限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词，与先行词之间的关系非常密切，它所修饰的词代表一个或一类特定的人或物，如果删去，则剩下的部分意思就会含混不清。在限定性定语从句之前不用任何标点。非限定性定语从句对先行词只起进一步说明的作用，有时对于主句做进一步说明，如果删掉它，不影响整个句子的基本意思，因此通常用逗号把它和其他句子分开。各种关系代词的使用方法：1. 何时宜用who，而不用that：先行词是one, ones, anyone时；One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.Anyone wh

69、o fails to finish the task given should be criticized.先行词为those时，宜用who为关系代词时；Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of magic cloth.当先行词有较长的后置定语时；I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in Chinese.一个句子带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另

70、一个宜用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.在there be开头的句子中There is an old man who wants to see you.32. 关系代词that的用法：that只能用在限定性从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能用that，另外介词后不能跟that，而跟which；在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物时，一般可以通用；The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.有些情况，只宜用t

71、hat，而不宜用which：先行词是最高级形容词或者它的前面有最高级形容词时This is the best that has been used against pollution.先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时He is the last person (that) I want to see.主句已有疑问词who或which时Which is the bike that you lost?先行词既有人又有物，宜用thatDo you know the things and persons that they are talking about?先行词是all, much, lit

72、tle, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时You should hand in all that you have.先行词前面only, any, few, little, no, all, one, of, the same, the very等修饰词时The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用thatEdison built up a factory which produce

73、d things that had never been seen before.3. 关系代词which的用法：非限定性定语从句中，只宜用what，不能用that;Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.在限定性定语从句中which和that在代物市场常可以通用，但有时只宜用which，不用that。This is the hotel in which you will stay.= This is the hotel that/ which you will stay in.Let me show y

74、ou the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.33.关系代词与介词+关系代词的省略关系代词和介词介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词一律不能省。介词宾语只能用which代物，和whom代人；This is the hero of whom we are proud.介词在末尾时，作介宾关系的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略；This is the hero that/ who/ whom/ 可省 we are proud of.关系代词的省略当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时；Th

75、e people (who, whom, that) we met at the party were very friendly to us.关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而介词在句尾时；Here is the man (that, who, whom) you have been looking for.关系代词在从句中作表语时；Shanghai is no longer the city (that, which) it used to be.在there be句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略；I dont like the way (that) you talk to so

76、mebody else.注意：注意：有的介词像during，不能后置34.非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情况非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情况限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情况限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情况35.关系副词的用法关系副词的作用：代替先行词；在从句中担任状语亦即在从句中起副词和介词短语作用；起链接作用，它把两个句子链接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。Where的用法：This is the house + I was born in the house.= This is the house where I was born.where代替先行词the house在从句中

77、作地点状语，它代替there（副词）或in the house（介词短语）。When的用法：He came at a time when we needed help.when在从句中代替at a time，作时间状语。When= at which表示at a time。Why的用法：The reason why Im calling you is to invite you to a party.the reason why/ that/ 可省 Im calling you is to invite you to a party.关系代词和关系副词在定语从句总的区别：只要在定语从句中担任状语

78、的，就是关系副词，而不取决于先行词是什么。This is the house where I worked 2 years ago.where在从句中做状语，表示there或in the house；This is the house that/ which/ 可省 I visited.that/ where/ 可省，在从句中作宾语，Ill never forget the day when I joined the army.when在从句中作宾语；Ill never forget the day that/ which/ 省略 we spent together.that/ which/

79、可省在从句总作spent的宾语。36.as引导的定语从句suchas像什么一样的，像什么之类；the sameas和什么用样的。as是关系代词，其中such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词或代词。这个名词是as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语、和表语。we have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as作主语）such assuch为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中担任成分，修饰先行词such。This book is not such as I expect.（as在从句中作宾语）The

80、 same as/ the samethat同一个当从句省去谓语时必须用as代替that。He use the same book as you.= He used the same book that/ as you do.注意：注意：所指的事不同一个，必须另加词句。She wears the same king of clothes as her sister does.one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数形动词复数形动词the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数形动词单数形动词Titanic is the (only0 one of the m

81、ost wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.定语从句与同位语从句的区别1. that在定语从句中必须担任成分，而在同位语从句中不担任成分；2. 在关系代词前加is，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就是定语从句；3. 同位语that前的名词必须是一个表示事实的抽象名词，如fact, news, information, order, belief, reply, answer, saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还是依前面两条来判断。37.状语从句状语从句Adverbial claus

82、e状语从句可修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。表示：地点、时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、行为方式、比较等。as, when, while的区别while用于时间较长时，强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比；as用于发生时间较短时，表示一边、一边、的意思；when可以表示从句动词的动作在主句动词的动作“之前”或“之后”发生。表原因的状语从句，since作“既然”解时Since everybody is here, lets begin.Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has q

83、uickened. 因为表示目的、结果的状语从句so that; sothat都可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，区别在于：1. 当它们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常有can, could, may, might, will, would等词；2. 而当引导结果状语从句时则没有上述这些词，而且从内容上看主句和它们引导的结果状语从句有因果关系，主句为因，从句为果。Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. 目的He ran slowly so that I caught up with him. 结果He always studies

84、so hard that he may make great progress. 目的He always studies so hard that he made great progress. 结果表示比较的状语从句no more than 只不过（嫌少的意思）not more than 不多于（客观的说明）I have no more than two apples. 嫌太少了They have learned no more than two thousand words. 才学了2000词，太少了。We have learned not more than three thousand

85、 words. 客观说明，已经学了3000词了。38.主谓一致主谓一致Agreement集体名词作主语时mankind/ humanity/ man（人类）作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；Only man knows how to cook.由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；The youth of our country are happier than the other people.family, crowd, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语时：如它们所表示的人或事物当整体看，谓语动词用单数形

86、式；Our class is very diligent.当它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式；When I came into the room, his family (the members of his family) were watching TV.a family/ group/ class作主语时，谓语动词用单数；families/ groups/ classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数。a group is coming to the zoo.more than one（单数名词）+ 单数动词more than two（复数名词）+复数动词More than one white rose has bloomed.More than two white roses have bloomed.39.