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1、Unit3nWhyDoWeBelieveThattheEarthIsRound?nI.Wordstudy1.preface(to):introduction;forewordn2.gullible:credulous【记忆法记忆法】gullvt.欺骗欺骗n.鸥，笨人鸥，笨人gullibility易受欺骗易受欺骗n3.superstitious:believinginsuperstition-Tomisverysuperstitiousandbelievesthenumber13bringsbadluck.-Manypeoplehaveasuperstitiousfearofthedark.n4
2、.cite:giveormentionasanexample(esp.byquotingfromabooktosupportanargument,etc.)-Thelawyercitedapreviouscasetosupporthisargument.n5.widespread:popular-Personalcomputersareinwidespreadusenoweveninunderdevelopedareas.-Theproblemofairpollutionhasattractedwidespreadattention.n6.advancevt.:putorbringforwar
3、d-Sheistooshytoadvanceheropinionatthemeeting.-Inthe19thcentury,thenewtheoryoftheoriginoflifeadvancedbyDarwinraisedastormofdebateinEnglandandotherpartsoftheworld.advancedadj.【考点考点】inadvance-Weweretoldtopaytherentinadvance.7.appealvi.【考点考点】appealtosb.:attract,movethefeelingof-Theideaofstudyingabroadap
4、pealstomanyyoungpeople.-Brightcolorsappealtochildren.Cf.appealforsth.呼吁，强烈要求帮助，支持等呼吁，强烈要求帮助，支持等pleadfor向人求情或替某人求情以求宽恕或同意请向人求情或替某人求情以求宽恕或同意请求等求等callfor指一般的要求指一般的要求-Asaresultoftheradio_forhelpfortheearthquakevictims,overamillionpoundshasbeenraised.a.begb.pleadc.appeald.call8.mentalitymentalmoralphysic
5、al9.exaggerate:overstate-Peopledontbelievewhathesaysbecauseheisalwaysexaggerating.-Tomexaggeratedthedangersofthetripinordertokeepherfromgoing.exaggerationn.10.saken.【考点考点】forthesakeof:becauseof-Illhelpyouforyoursisterssake.11.theoretical【考点考点】intheoryinpractice-Yourplanisexcellentintheory,butwouldit
6、succeedinpractice?12.citizen：一般指有某种国籍的公民：一般指有某种国籍的公民inhabitant：指某一地方的常住居民：指某一地方的常住居民resident：除指居民外，还可指侨民，住外使节等：除指居民外，还可指侨民，住外使节等civil：市民的，民用的：市民的，民用的-SheisaBritishcitizen,butlivesinIndia.-seniorcitizen13.refute:prove(sb.)tobemistakenor(astatement)tobeuntrue-Howwouldyourefutethetheorythattheearthisfl
7、at?-Thebestwaytorefutetheaccusationoflazinessistoworkhark.14.invisible-invisibleexports/imports:无形输入输出无形输入输出-invisibleink:隐形墨水隐形墨水-invisiblemending:看不出的修补看不出的修补15.horizonhorizontal【考点考点】on/belowthehorizon-Thereisatreeonthehorizon.-Thesunhadalreadysunkbelowthehorizon.-Suddenlythesailorssawashipfarawa
8、yonthehorizon.16.phenomenon(pl.phenomena)-Thebookletgivesscientificexplanationstomanynaturalphenomena.17.followvi.:beorhappenasanecessaryeffectorresult-Heisagoodwriter,butitdoesnotfollowthatheisagoodspeaker.-Becauseheisacompetentengineer,itdoesnotfollowthathewillmakeasuccessfulfactorydirector.【考点考点】
9、asfollows-Hisargumentsareasfollows.followonesadvice:takeonessuggestion-Wedecidedtofollowhisadvice.followthelaw:tobealawyer-Hefollowedthelawaftergraduation.18.Ovalroundsquarerectangulartriangularrhomboid菱形的菱形的polygon19.analogy:similarity,likenessanaloguen.analoguecomputer模拟计算机模拟计算机analogousadj.【考点考点】
10、drawananalogybetween:describethesimilarities在之间作比喻在之间作比喻-Theteacherdrewananalogybetweenthehumanheartandthepump.教师打了一个比喻，把人的心脏教师打了一个比喻，把人的心脏比作唧筒比作唧筒by/fromanalogy用类推法用类推法e.g.arguebyanalogy20.promptadj.&v.【考点考点】promptsb.todosth.-Whatpromptedhimtobesogenerous?n21.cast:send(light,shadow,etc.)onasurface-
11、Thecandlecast a flickering lightonthewall.-Thetalltreecasts a long shadowacrossthelawninthelateafternoon.n22.exchange【考点考点】exchangeAforB-Youcanexchangefiveapplesforfiveeggs.inexchange(for)n23.statement-Theyneedmorefactstobackuptheirstatement.-Hisstatementisvagueandnoonecanbesurewhatitmeans.【考点考点】在在s
12、tatethat这一结构中这一结构中that不宜省略不宜省略n-Hestatedthathehadneverseentheaccusedman.他说他从未见过被告他说他从未见过被告statesman指正派的指正派的“政治家政治家”，不用作贬义，不用作贬义politician指指“政治家政治家”，主要用作贬义，指运用计谋，主要用作贬义，指运用计谋贪图私利的贪图私利的“政客政客”n24.justifyvt.proveorshow(anact,statement,etc.)tobejustorright-Yourwishtogoforawalkcannotjustifyleavingthebabya
13、loneinthehouse.你想去散步，这不能作为你把孩子独自一人放在屋里的你想去散步，这不能作为你把孩子独自一人放在屋里的理由。理由。-Mr.Huntermanagedtojustifyhisneglectofhisdutyonthebasisofhispoorhealth.n亨特先生设法把他的失职归于身体状况差亨特先生设法把他的失职归于身体状况差.-Howcanthegovernmentjustifythespendingofmillionsofpoundsonweapons?政府怎么来说明花百万英镑购买武器是有道理的？政府怎么来说明花百万英镑购买武器是有道理的？n【考点考点】bejus
14、tifiedindoingsth.:haveagoodreasonto-Youarejustifiedinsayingthat.-Hesfullyjustifiedinrefusingyourrequest.n25.counter1)n.计算器；柜台计算器；柜台2)adv.(与与)相反，反对相反，反对3)vi.&vt.:oppose反对，反击反对，反击-Theycounteredourproposalwithoneoftheirown.ncounter-n1)inoppositionto;againstncounteractn2)inreturnncounterattackn3)corresp
15、ondingncounterpartn26.exceptionally:unusuallyn-HesanexceptionallytalentedplayerinNBAhistory.-Youhavedefendedyourpositionexceptionallywell.n【考点考点】anexceptionto的一个例外的一个例外-Thisisanexceptiontothegrammaticalrules.withtheexceptionof除除之外之外-IenjoyedallZhangsfilmswiththeexceptionofhisHappyTime.nComparison:be
16、sides,exceptandexceptforn-BesidesTom,Katepassed.n-Ienjoyedallhisnovelsexcepthislast.nexceptfor：指除外者异于包括在内者：指除外者异于包括在内者n-Youressayisgoodexceptforthespelling.n27.ignoramusn.ignorantignorance【考点考点】beinignoranceof:beinwantofknowledge不不知道知道n-Weareincompleteignoranceofhisplans.beignorantof/about:notaware-
17、Youarenotignorantofthereasonsforherbehavior.n28.outline1)n.2)vt.giveashortaccountordescription-AtthepressconferencethePresidentoutlinedhispeaceplanfortheMiddleEast.-WealllistenedcarefullyasJimoutlinedhisreasons.nout-:-outflown.流出流出out-groupn.外集团外集团outlook眺望眺望处处outgrowvt.生长速度超过生长速度超过outmatchvt.胜过胜过n2
18、9.press:demandoraskcontinuously;urgestrongly-Helookedveryillthatmorningandallhisclassmatespressedhimtogoandseethedoctoratonce.n30.credulous:believingtooeasilyinsth.-Onlyacredulouspersonwouldbelieveyourstories.-Credulouspeopleareusuallyeasilyfooled.n31.burdenn.vt.-Idontwanttobeaburdenonanyone.-Annwas
19、tiredoftheburdenoflookingaftersomanychildren.n32.followup:pursueorinvestigateclosely;findoutmoreabout-Theyfollowedupthematteruntiltheygotresults.-Theeditorofthenewspaperthinksthatthisstoryisworthfollowingup.33.forthesakeof:forthepurposeof(=foronessake)nforGodssakeforanysake无论如何无论如何n-Heboughtahousein
20、thecountryforthesakeofhismothershealth.-Ididitforyoursake,Ididntcareaboutitmyself.-Illgiveyouahandforyourbrotherssake.n34.throw/shedlighton:makeclear,explain-Doesthisinformationthrow/shedanylightontheproblem?-Havethepolicebeenabletothrowanylightonthemysteryofthestolenjewelsyet?n警察能弄清珠宝被盗的真相吗？警察能弄清珠宝
21、被盗的真相吗？n35.andsoforth:andsoon(usedattheendofalisttoindicatethatthereareotheritemsthatyoucouldmentioninadditiontowhatyouhavealreadymentioned)n-Hecantalkforhoursaboutrealism,naturalism,romanticismandsoforth.n-Theyspenttheirtimevisitingfriends,reading,watchingtelevision,andsoforth.n36.asfor:withregardt
22、o,concerning(usedatthebeginningofasentenceinordertointroduceatopicorpointthatisdifferentfromwhathasjustbeensaidalthoughitisrelatedtoit.)-Asforyou,Ineverwanttoseeyouhereagain.nasto:(usednotonlyatthebeginningbuttheendofasentence)-Astoyourbrother,Illdealwithhimlater.-Wewereatalossastowhattodonext.n37.m
23、aywell(not):beverylikely(not)to表示表示“很可很可能能”，用来修饰现在和将来的可能性，但不能表达选择，用来修饰现在和将来的可能性，但不能表达选择mayaswell表达某种无可奈何的表达某种无可奈何的“选择选择”和和“委婉委婉的的n-Youmaywellthinkso,butmaywellnotsayso.-Youmightaswellgohomewithmenow.n38.bringout:causetoappear;comeouttogetherwith使出现使出现;带带出来出来-Shebroughthermotherouttothecar.她把母亲领出来走向汽
24、车。她把母亲领出来走向汽车。Thiswarmweatherwillbringoutalltheblossomonthefruittrees.n这暖和的天气会使果树的花盛开。这暖和的天气会使果树的花盛开。n39.fallbackon:turntoforhelp,use,whenallelsehasfailednHeisamantofallbackoninanemergency.n40.reston:relyon;bebasedonColumbussdecisiontosailwesttoreachtheEastrestedonhisbeliefthattheearthwasround.n41.s
25、tray(away)from:wanderawayfrom;leave(asubject)Hissheepstrayedawayfromhisownfieldstoaneighbors.Yourestraying(away)fromthesubjectagain;sopleasekeeptothepoint.n42.startoffvi.nHestartedoffthismorningwithouttellinguswherehewasgoing.nThechairmanstartedoffonhisfavoritesubjectafterattackingthefirstspeaker.nI
26、I.VocabularyExercisen1.Thosegiftsofrarebooksthatweregiventousweredeeply_.(99.6)a.appealedb.appreciatedc.appliedd.approvedn2.MostbroadcastersmaintainthatTVhasbeenunfairlycriticizedandarguethatthepowerofthemediumis_.(00.6)a.grantedb.impliedc.exaggeratedd.remediedn3.Hehopedthefirmwould_himtotheParisbra
27、nch.(98.1)a.exchangeb.transmitc.transferd.removen4.Tohelpstudentsunderstandhowwesee,teachersoftendrawan_betweenaneyeandacamera.(01.6)a.axisb.imagec.imitationd.analogynII.PassageReading1.Backgroundinformation1)Abouttheauthor:GeorgeOrwell(1903-1950)a)Britishnovelistandessayistb)stressestheimportanceof
28、truthandobjectivity,andtheneedtobewillingtoquestionthetrustworthinessofthosefromwhomwetakeouropinionsandbeliefs2)GeorgeBernardShaw(1865-1950)a)Irishplaywright,criticandnovelistb)thegreatestBritishdramatistsinceShakespeare,thegreatestsatiristsinceSwiftc)awardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1925n3)Three
29、theoriesabouttheearthsshapena)theRoundEarthTheory:GreekphilosopherPythagoras,PlatoandAristotlein1521,PortugusenavigatorMagellannb)theFlatEarthTheory:theMiddleAgesclergymennc)theOvalEarthTheory:slightlyflattenedatthepolesandhasaoutwardswellingattheequatorandtheNorthPoletheearthissomewhatpear-shapedn2
30、.IntroductoryremarksnInthisarticle,GeorgeOrwellusesvividexamplesandanalogiestosupport Bernard Shaws point, that is, we are more credulous today than we were in the Middle Ages.Orwellfirst tries to refuteboththeFlatearththeoryandtheOvalEarththeorybutsayshisreasonsforthinkingthattheearthisroundarerath
31、erweakandprecarious.Then from the discussion he draws his conclusion thatoursisacredulousagebecausemuchofknowledgedoesnotrestonreasoningorexperimentbutonauthority.HereOrwellexpressesahealthyconcernfortheburdenthattheordinarynewspaper-readingcitizencarries.n3.PartDivisionoftheTextnPart I (Para. 1)Wea
32、remoregullibleandsuperstitioustodaythanwewereintheMiddleAges.nPart II (Para. 2 7 )OrwelltriestorefuteboththeFlatearththeoryandtheOvalEarththeorybutsayshisreasonsforthinkingthattheearthisroundareratherweakandprecarious.nPart III (Para. 8)Muchofknowledgedoesnotrestonreasoningorexperimentbutonauthority
33、.nIII.LanguagePointsintheText1.l.1Somewhereorother:Icantexactlynorother:(usedwithsomeone,something,somehow,somewhere,someday,sometime,etc.toshowthatoneisnotcertain)-Illcallonyouagainsomedayorother.我大约过几天会再来拜访你。我大约过几天会再来拜访你。-Ivereadthestorybeforeinsomebookorother.n-Somehoworother,Johnmanagedtogetawel
34、l-paidjobinthebank.nJohn已经想方设法找到一份薪水不错的银行工作已经想方设法找到一份薪水不错的银行工作n2.l.1theprefacetoNote:preface之后的之后的to是介词，表示所属关系，相当于是介词，表示所属关系，相当于for/of.又如又如introduction,index,answer,reply,response,key,solution,entrance,note,match等后均接介词等后均接介词ton3.l.6Hemerelyswallowsthistheory:Heacceptsthistheorywithoutquestionorsuspi
35、cion.nswallow1)n.燕子燕子n2)allow(food,etc.)topassdownthethroattothestomachn-Heswallowedhismedicinewiththehelpofsomewater.-Histhroatwassopainfulthathecouldhardlyswallow.n3)acceptsth.withoutquestionorprotestn-Hewillneverswallowsuchanexcuse.他永远不会轻信这种托词他永远不会轻信这种托词-Surely,yourenotgoingtoswallowaninsultliket
36、hat.你当然不会容忍那样的侮辱！你当然不会容忍那样的侮辱！n4.l.8Thereissomethinginwhathesays:thereissometruthinwhathesaysnsomething:athingorapersonofimportance-Hethinkheissomething.他自以为了不起他自以为了不起.nsomethingin/to:sometruthorvalueinn-Thereissomething(sometruth,somepoint)in/towhatyousay；Illtakeyouradvice.n5.l.32Defeatedintheminor
37、exchange,:过去分过去分词短语作状语，表示原因，词短语作状语，表示原因，相当于相当于SinceIwasdefeatedinthetwolessimportantroundsofdebate,n7.l.36bringout:show,producen-Suddenlythemanbroughtoutagunandthreatenedthetaxi-driverwithit.n-AsIbroughtthehandkerchiefoutofmypocket,severalotherobjectsfellout.n8.l.42thenbanggoesmyace:(invertedsentenc
38、e)bangadv.nNote:Ifyousaybanggoessomethingyoumeanitsuddenlybecomesobviousthatitcannotnowsucceedorbeachieved.n-Thedoghaseatenourfoodbanggoesdinner!(=nodinner)n-Hesbrokenhisleg,sobanggoesplayingfootball.n-HalfwaythroughtheraceItwistedmyankle,sobangwentmychanceofwinning.n9.l.44finish:destroy;kill-Thatsh
39、ockalmostfinishedhim.n那一惊几乎把他吓死那一惊几乎把他吓死-Theflualmostfinishedtheoldman.-TheWatergatescandalfinishedNixonspoliticalcareer.n10.l.55bother:takethetrouble;troubleoneselfn-Dontbotheraboutmybreakfast,Imnothungryintheleast.-Afterwritinganarticle,heneverbotherstogooveritagain.-Onhermothers80thbirthday,Myraw
40、ouldnotevenbothertobuyheragift.n11.l.58inaway:toacertaindegree;inacertainbutlimitedmannern-InawayIagreewithyou,butIthinkyoucouldhavepresentedyourargumentinamuchbetterway.-Heconsidershimselfagreatsinger,andinawayheisjustified.nIV.UsefulCollocationsandExpressions1.thewidespreadbelief广为流传的信念广为流传的信念2.th
41、eaverageman普通人普通人3.ocularproof凭观察得出的结论凭观察得出的结论4.newspaper-readingcitizen报纸的读者报纸的读者5.refuteatheory驳斥一个理论驳斥一个理论6.standbytheseashore站在海边站在海边7.sayagainst反驳反驳8.byobservation通过观察通过观察9.castashadow投下阴影投下阴影10.minorexchanges小小的交锋小小的交锋11.toonesdelight让人高兴的是让人高兴的是12.goround环绕环绕13.precariousreasons不牢靠的理由不牢靠的理由14
42、.atthislevel在这个水平上在这个水平上15.restonauthority依赖权威依赖权威16.acredulousage轻信的年代轻信的年代nV.Homework1.Reviewthelanguagepointsdiscussedinclass2.Studythewritingstyleandmethodofthisarticle3.FinishtheexercisesrelatedtothetextTeachingStepsoftheLastPeriod:I.Review1.Makesentenceswithsomeimportantphrases2.Retellthetexti
43、nownwords“WhyDoWeBelieveThatTheEarthIsRound”isoneofaseriesofshortessaysOrwellwroteforBritishperiodicalsinthe1940s.InithefirsttriestorefuteboththeFlatEarththeoryandtheOvalEarththeorybutsaysthathisreasonsforthinkingthattheearthisroundareratherweakandprecarious,Thenfromthediscussionhedrawshisconclusion
44、thatoursisacredulousagebecausemuchofourknowledgedoesnotrestonreasoningoronexperiment,butonauthority.HereOrwellexpressesahealthyconcernfortheburdentheordinarynewspaper-readingcitizencarries.Overloadedwithinformationandmisinformation,theaveragemancannotadequatelyprocessanddigestwhathereceives,Heisaptt
45、oacceptwhathehearsorreadsastruewithoutsubmittingittofactualverificationorthetestofreason.Manshouldrespecttheviewsoftrueexperts,butheshouldtesttheirtheories,andcomparedifferentviewpointsinordertoarriveatatruerperspective.Then,andonlythen,canmantrulybecomeanintelligentthinkingspecies.nII.Exercisesinth
46、eTextbookEx.XIII在句型在句型itdoesnotfollowthat中中,it是形式是形式主语，真正的主语主语，真正的主语that引导的主语从句引导的主语从句Ex.XIV所给的是省略了主语的条件状语从句，造句所给的是省略了主语的条件状语从句，造句时应注意主从句的主语必须一致时应注意主从句的主语必须一致Ex.XVtoones+感情词是一个固定句型，表示感情词是一个固定句型，表示使某人感到的是使某人感到的是Ex.XVIXVIIReadingactivity:readingskill(skimming)trainingIII.BriefsummaryIV.Assignments1.Ex.VIII,XIV,XV2.Writing:WhyShouldWeAttachImportancetoBothTheoryandPractice?
