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1、The History of English1Watch a Video and answer the following questions:What remaked the beginning of the English history?The invasion of three Germanic tribes-Anglo,Saxon,and Jute.Which language did Norman Conquerors brought?FranceHow many words does English brought from Norse?about 20002The Histor
2、y of English1.Proto-English(700B.C.449A.D.)2.Old English(449A.D.1100)3.Medieval English(1100A.D1500)4.Modern English(1500A.D.present)3Proto-English(700B.C.449A.D.)Native peaple Celts-Celtic(凯尔特语）Roman invasion-Latin4Celts-Celtic(凯尔特语）凯尔特语）theearliestlanguageusedinGreatBritainisCelticwhichlateralmost
3、disappear,yetsomeofthemstillexistinmodernEnglish.bin（箱）,cradle（摇篮）,dun（讨债）,crag（险崖），curse（诅咒）,loch（湖）,cross（十字架）etc.5 Roman Invasion-Latin in 55 B.C,Rome empire Julius Caesar invaded Britian The Romans brought Latin to Britain, which was part of the Roman Empire for over 400 years. But early English
4、 did not develop mainly from Latin.Julius Caesar 恺撒大帝6Old English（449A.D.-1100）the Anglo-Saxon Invasion-Old Englishthe Roman Missionaries-Latinthe Viking(维京人） Invasion-Norse（诺尔斯语）7the Anglo-Saxon InvasionThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribes-theAnglos,theSaxo
5、n,andtheJuteswhoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD,andthentheirlanguagecalledOldEnglishorAnglo-Saxonbegantobeused.TheAngloscamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived. 8Roman and LatinIn the sixth century,the Roman missionaries brought Christianity
6、 to the Germanic tribes(mainly the saxon).The English language adopted many words from Latin,the official language of the church.9Latin wordsLatin provided not only religious vacabularye.g,abbot（男修道院院长）,altar（祭坛）,hymn（圣歌）,pope（教皇）,priest （神父）etc.But also a surprising number of what are now everyday
7、wordse.g.candle ,cap,school,spend etc.10the Invasion of VikingNorsethe Vikingthe Vikings were men who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north Western Europea from the 8th to the 11th centureis11Inthelate8thcentury,theVikingsattackedEngland.Fightingcontinuedforalmosttwohu
8、ndredyears.Englishborrowedabout2000wordsfromNorselanguages.12For Example:Manywordsbeginingwithsc-/sk-areborrowedfromscandinavianlanguagese.g.score,scorch,skill,skin,sky13Other VerbsNouns:birth,bull,gap,quest,leg,egg,sister,skin;Pronouns:both,some,their,them,they;Preposition:fro,till;Adverbs:aloft（在空
9、中）,seemly;Adjectives:flat;Conjunctions:though;Verbs:are,call,die,drown,get,give,lift, take14LiteraturePart of Beowulf贝奥武甫 , a poem written in Old English. 15AbouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishroots.Thewordsbe,strongandwater,forexample,derivefromOldEnglish.OldEnglishwassp
10、okenuntilaround1100.16Medieval English(1100A.D1500)Norman invasion-Frenchthe Statues of Englishthe Changes of English17Norman InvasionIn 1066，the Norman Invasion (William the Conqueror) started a continual flow of French words into English.18French Loan Words: Adjectivesableactiveactualbriefcalmcert
11、ainclearcommon contrarycourageous cruelcuriouseagereasyfaintfiercefinalfirmforeigngentlehasty19French Loan Words: Verbsadviseaimallowapproacharrangearrivebetraychangechaseservecomfortcomplainconcealconsidercontinuecountdeceivedestroydeclaredefeatdelaydesireenjoyenter20French Loan Words: Nounsactiona
12、dventurenumberageairpairbucketcalendarpersoncarpentercitypowdercoastcomfortrivercostcountrysigncouragecowardopinion21Verbal AffixesVerbal prefixesinter, counter, re, trans, anti, dis, Verbal suffixesable, ible, ent, al, ous, ive22French Influence Approximately 10,000 French (and Norman) loan words e
13、ntered Middle English. Standard French retained the status of a formal and had a significant influence on the language today.For example, most modern English speakers consider a cordial reception (from French) to be more formal than a hearty welcome (from Germanic). 23Deep Class Rift Three languages
14、 existing simultaneously continued for over a centuryFrench by the officials, Latin by church or universities, English by the English common people24the Statues of English English literature reappeared after 1200, when a changing political climate and the decline in Anglo-Norman made it more respect
15、able. The Provisions of Oxford牛津条约牛津条约, released in 1258, was the first English government document to be published in the English language after the Norman Conquest. 25In 1362, Edward III became the first king to address Parliament in English. John Wycliff s translation of the Bible into English th
16、e writings of Chaucer, Langland (English poet) in English and others.By the end of the century, even the royal court had switched to English.26The ChangesThe English language changed enormously both in grammar and in vocabulary. Grammar distinctions were lost as many noun and adjective endings were
17、leveled to -e. The older plural noun marker -en largely gave way to -s,grammatical gender was discarded. English spelling with the / and / sounds being spelled th rather than with the Old English letters (thorn) and (eth)27Modern English(1500A.D.present)1.Early Modern English (1500-1800) 2.Late Mode
18、rn English (1800-present)28Early Modern English (1500-1800) the Great Vowel ShiftRenaissance and ShakespeareThe invention of printing English dictionaryThe King James Bible29The GVS(元音大推移）元音大推移）Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) s
19、tarted, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. 30Renaissance and ShakespeareHe expanded the scope of English literature by introducing new words and phrases,experimenting with blank verse, and also introducing new poetic and grammatical structures.31William Shakespeare invented about 2000
20、 new words and phrases in Renaissance.For example:eyeball.anchovy.puppy-dog;dauntless无谓的，besmirch糟蹋lacklustre死气沉沉；alligator,crocodile;hobnob对饮32 Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect
21、of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. The Invention of Printing William Caxton33The Dictionary of the English Language was the first full featured English dictionary. To a high degree, the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage.The Dictionary of the
22、 English LanguageSamuel Johnson34the King James Bible1611a new translation of the Biblebegate a whole glossary of metaphorand moralityshape the way English is spoken today35Late Modern English (1800-Present) the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; the English language
23、adopted foreign words from many colonies . English variation36the Industrial Revolution and TechnologyMany more new words were coined for the new products, machines and processes that were developed at this time e.g. train, pulley（滑车）, combustion（氧化）, piston(活塞）, hydraulic（液压的）, condenser（电容器）, elec
24、tricity, telephone, telegraph, lithograph（平版印刷）, camera, etc. 37 New words created by combination were particularly popular e.g. railway, horsepower, typewriter, cityscape, airplane, etc.38British EmpireDuring the 19th century,due to the expansion of the British empire,English speakers borrowed word
25、s from hundreds of the different language .they typically only borrowed words for things that were new to them,such aslocal foods(yam,banana)anmals(skunk,moose)tools (boomerang）weather phenomena(typhoon,)places(Chicago,Michigan)39Colonial Expansion40Varieties of English-American EnglishFrom around 1
26、600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.41Today, some 4,000 words are used differently in the USA and Britain lift/elevator, tap/faucet,
27、bath/tub, curtains/drapes, biscuit/cookie and boot/trunk American usage is driving out traditional words and phrases back in Britain e.g. truck for lorry, airplane for aeroplane, etc.42 American spelling is also becoming more commonplace in Britain e.g. wagon for waggon, reflection for reflexion,etc
28、.43Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USAs dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet).44Internet EnglishNew internet wordsdownload(1980);toolbar(1991);firewar(1990);blog(1990);poke(2004)AbbreviationIMHO（in my humble oppi
29、on)BTW(by the way)(FYI)for your imformationug2bk(you ve got too bee kiding )你太夸张了45 But there are many other varieties of English around the world, for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, and Indian English. etc.46English became colorful, graceful and rich for the vocabulary was expended largely with many Latin and French word.English kept its pure, plain and developed its own individuals,for the clarity of sentence structure, and progress of grammar.47
