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1、fat-factsfat-facts解析解析Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,peopleintheUnitedStatesspent$33billionin1990tryingtoloseweight.Obesitycausesoraggravatesdiseasessuchas gallstones,diabetes,highbloodpressure,andheartdisease.Harvard Universityresearchersestimatedthatmedicaltreatmentofobesityandtherelateddiseasesco
2、st$45.8billionthesameyear.Despite the expenditure of billions of dollars and the painfully sincere efforts of millions of people, more than half of all men and women in the United States remain clinically obese.Obesityisalsoaprobleminmostotherindustrializedcountries.Areweightgainandobesitycausedbycu
3、lturalandenvironmentalfactors?Aretheydeterminedbyanindividualsgeneticinheritance?Orisobesitytheresultofemotionalfactors,suchasdepressionorlackofwillpower?Scientistsandhealthprofessionalshavediscoverednewevidenceaboutthecausesofobesity.Theydisagree ontheinterpretationofthisevidence.Doctorshavelongobs
4、ervedthatatendencytogainweightrunsinfamilies.A43-yearstudyof400identical twinsrearedapartincludedastudyofweightgain.Thestudyattributedmostobesityinthetwinstogeneticfactors.Differingfamilyactivitylevelsdidnotaffectthetwinsweightgain.Neitherdidfamilyeatingpatterns.Otherstudiesshowsimilarresults.Obesit
5、yseemsmorecloselytiedto hereditythantoenvironment.Thatdoesnotmeanthatobesityiscausedbygeneticfactorsalone,butthatgeneticfactorsstronglypredisposesomeindividualstoobesity.This study and others like it support an explanation of obesity as a function of a genetic “set point.”Accordingtoset-pointtheory,
6、apersonsgenesdeterminehisorherpreferredweight.Thebrainadjusts apersonsmetabolism(mtblz()m)andeatingbehaviortomaintainweightatageneticallydeterminedlevel.Thatlevelis“normal”weightforthatperson.The set point may change over a persons lifetime, but it changes in response to genetic triggers, not in res
7、ponse to diet or exercise.Thesamepersonssetpointmaybe140poundsatage30and155poundsatage55.Researchershaveidentifiedgenetic markers(遗传标记遗传标记)thatcancauseobesityinrodents(rodnts).Theyhavehadlesssuccessinidentifyingthesefactorsinhumans.Dr.RudolphLeibel,aresearcheratRockefeller University,saidinaScientif
8、icAmericaninterviewthattheset-pointtheorydoesnotmeanthatpeoplecannotloseweight.Instead,“what does characterize the vast majority of humans is that they are very resistant to (对有抵抗力的；耐的)the maintenance of body weight below whatever normal for them is.”Thesetpoint,saysDr.Leibel,iswhypeoplefinditdiffic
9、ulttomaintainweightloss.Theyareliterallyfightingagainsttheirbodiessetpoints.Tomaintainweightloss,theymustconstantlyexerciseandlimitfoodintake.Researchershavealsofoundthatwhenentiresocietiesbecomericher,peoplegainweight.Forexample,7,500residentsofaPacificislandbecamewealthybysellingnaturalresources.S
10、incetheyhadlotsofmoney,theydidnotneedtoworkashard.Theyadoptedmoresedentarysed()nt()r(久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的)lifestyles.Theybeganeatingmorehigh-caloriefoods.Theirrateofobesityskyrocketed(N,V,sharpincrease).Obesityappearstobemore prevalent(流流行的；普遍的，广传的行的；普遍的，广传的)inindustrialnations.Inthesenations,peopletendt
11、oeatmoreandhavelowerlevelsofphysicalactivity.Television viewing and gasoline consumption correlate with obesity.Thisevidenceindicatesasignificantenvironmentalinfluenceonweightgainandobesity.Dr.Leibelsaysthattheevidenceonenvironmentalfactorsdoesnotinvalidateset-pointtheory.He explains that sometimes
12、“the environment just overwhelms whatever this regulatoryrjltri process(regulatory system 调节系统) is.”Formanypeople,losingweightseemstoset off(引起引起)internalalarms,warningofimpending(即将发生的；迫切的即将发生的；迫切的)starvation.Thebodyrespondsbyslowingthemetabolic rateatwhich energy is used and increasing hunger.Bodi
13、esmoreeasilytolerateweightgain.Gainingweightdoesnotsetoffthesameinternalalarms.Thehumanorganismremainsadaptedtoconditionsofscarcity(skest),eveninanageofexcess.Otherresearcherssuggestthattheset-pointtheoryplacestoomuchemphasisongeneticpredetermination.They suggest thattheideaofa“settlingpoint”forweig
14、htismoreuseful.Accordingtothesettlingpointtheory,peoplemaintainweightwhentheirmetabolismisin均衡equilibrium(,ikwlbrm; ,ekw-)withtheirenvironment.Geneticcodessettheirmetabolismtomaintainacertainweight.Economicandculturalchangesreduceactivitylevelsandincreasefoodintake.Thischangestheequilibriumbetweenme
15、tabolismandenvironment.Istherearemedy for（补救，解决；对治疗法）obesity?Doctorsbelievethatweight-lossprogramsarelargelyineffective.Somerecidivismratesrunashighas95percent.Thatmeansthatasmanyas95percentofthepeoplewholoseweightonaspecificprogramregaintheweightwithinfiveyears.Pharmaceutical(,fmsutk()l; -sju-)comp
16、aniespredictthattheywillinventweight-lossdrug.Theybelievethatonlydrugscaneffectivelycircumvent(绕过)thegenetic predisposition遗传素质遗传素质toweightgain.A 1997 paper in the British Medical Journal called for an environmental approach to the pandemic（全国流行的；流行病）（全国流行的；流行病） of obesity as a normal response to an
17、 abnormal environment.Theabnormalenvironmentisanindustrialworldthatoffersmorefoodandrequireslessphysicalactivity.Thepaperrecommendedpublichealthresponsetoobesity.Dr.RobertWhitaker,aCincinnatiresearcher,foundthatobesityinadultscouldbepredictedbytheageofadiposity,dpstrebound(回弹回弹).Childrentendtobecome
18、thinnerfromageonetoaboutagefiveorsix,andthentobecomefatteragain.Theageatwhichachildisthinnestiscalledthepointofadiposityrebound.Children who reached adiposity rebound at a later age were less likely to become obese adults.Whitakersuggestedthatdelayingtheageofadiposityreboundmightchangetheriskofadult
19、obesity.Asresearchcontinues,theprospectofasimplesolutionoramagicpilltoendobesityseemslessandlesslikely.Complexinteractionsofgeneticfactors,molecularbiology,environmentalfactors,andindividualchoicesdetermineanindividualsweight.Thesecomplexcauseswillrequireequallycomplexsolutions.Obesity Synonyms:adip
20、osity,chubbiness,corpulence,embonpoint,fat,fatness,fattiness,fleshiness,grossness,obesity,plumpness,portliness,pudginess,pursiness,rotundity,weightAntonyms:leanness,reediness,slenderness,slimness,svelteness,thinness1.gainweight:增加体重。2.supersizeperson:超大之人。例如：Nomorehamburgers,Idontwanttobeasupersizep
21、erson.3.heavyset:体格魁伟的。例如：Hewastallandheavyset.4.nutritionallyendowed:营养丰富的。例如：5.gravitationallychallenged:受地球引力挑战的。例如：Thatgirlisgravitationallychallenged.6.well-built:体格健美的，体型匀称的。例如：Thatgirliswell-built.7.stout结实的，壮实的。例如：Sheisgettingtoostoutforherdresses.8.big-boned:骨骼粗大的。例如：Imnotfat,justbig-boned.
22、9.overweight:超重的。例如：Overweightinachildshouldnotbeneglected.10.chubby:胖乎乎的（多指小孩和女子）。例如：Thebabyhasachubbyface.11.buxom:体态丰满的。例如：同样,“瘦”不能说skinny，它是“皮包骨”的意思。要形容一个人苗条应该用slender,slim，或delicate。“减肥”则可以说losepounds或loseweight。总之,“胖”和“瘦”是英美人敏感的话题,fat和skinny的使用要十分小心，注意回避。但是有一个例外就是phat(妙，好，酷)，是fat的异体词，在口语中常常用于赞
23、美美妙的东西,相当于cool。例如：Thecarisreallyaphat.backaggravateaggravatevt. 加重；使恶化；激怒加重；使恶化；激怒intensifyStressandlackofsleepcanaggravatethesituation.紧张和缺少睡眠会使情况恶化。Whataggravatesyoumostaboutthiscountry?这个国家最让你恼火的是什么？Dontaggravateme,child!Thebadweatheraggravatedhisillness.坏天气加重了他的病情。GallstoneSomemedicalandbiologic
24、alterms:Gallstone:glstnasmall,painfullumpwhichcandevelopinapersonsgallbladder胆结石Diabetes:,dabitizdiseaseofthepancreaspkrswhichpreventssugarandstarchbeingproperlyabsorbed糖尿病Highbloodpressure:(alsoknownashypertension)acommondisorderinwhichbloodpressureremainsabnormallyhigh高血压Heartdisease:anillnesswhic
25、hpreventsapersonsheartfromworkingnormally心脏病Obesity:amedicalconditioninwhichexcessbodyfathasaccumulatedtotheextentthatitmayhaveanadverseeffectonhealth,leadingtoreducedlifeexpectancyand/orincreasedhealthproblems肥胖,肥胖症Metabolism:mtblz()machemicalprocessbywhichfoodisbuiltupintolivingmatterinanorganismo
26、rbywhichlivingmatterisbrokendownintosimplersubstances新陈代谢Setpoint:anyoneofanumberofquantities(e.g.:bodyweight,bodytemperature)whichthebodytriestokeepataparticularvalue;thelevelorpointatwhichavariablephysiologicalstatetendstostabilize设定点；设定值backHarvard UniversityHarvardUniversityisaprivateIvyLeagueun
27、iversitylocatedinCambridge,Massachusetts,establishedin1636bytheMassachusettslegislature.HarvardistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStatesandthefirstcorporationcharteredinthecountry.Harvardshistory,influence,andwealthhavemadeitoneofthemostprestigiousuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasthelargest
28、financialendowmentofanyacademicinstitutionintheworld,standingat$274billionasofSeptember2010.TheuniversitycompriseselevenseparateacademicunitstenfacultiesandtheRadcliffeInstituteforAdvancedStudywithcampusesthroughouttheBostonmetropolitanarea.Harvards210acremaincampusiscenteredonHarvardYardinCambridge
29、,approximately3,4milesnorthwestofdowntownBoston.Thebusinessschoolandathleticsfacilities,includingHarvardStadium,arelocatedacrosstheCharlesRiverinAllstonandthemedical,dental,andpublichealthschoolsarelocatedintheLongwoodMedicalArea.Asof2010,Harvardemploysabout2,100facultytoteachandadvise,approximately
30、6,700undergraduates(HarvardCollege)and14,500graduateandprofessionalstudents.EightU.S.PresidentshavegraduatedfromHarvardand75NobelLaureateshavebeenaffiliatedwiththeuniversityasstudents,faculty,orstaff.Harvardisalsothealmamater母校of62livingbillionaires,themostinthecountry.TheHarvardUniversityLibraryist
31、helargestacademiclibraryintheUnitedStates,andthethirdlargestlibraryintheworld.Backestimatev. 估计，估价估计，估价 n. 估计，估价；判断，看法估计，估价；判断，看法estimatefor对估价、估计costestimate成本估算，成本估计roughestimate粗略的估计，粗算conservativeestimate审慎估计，保守估计Trytoestimatehowmanystepsitwilltaketogettoacloseobject.估计一下需要多少步才能到达一个近距目标。例：Iestim
32、atethattotalcostfortreatmentwillgofrom$9,000to$12,500.我估计治疗费总额将在9千美元到1.25万美元之间。backdisagree ondisagreewith不同意；不一致；不适合disagreeon对持有不同看法agreetodisagree消除分歧，求同存异；同意各自保留不同意见disagreeabout(over,)在方面意见不统一；对意见不一vi.不同意；不一致；争执；不适宜conflict,todisapproveof词根：disagreeadj.disagreeable不愉快的；厌恶的；不为人喜的；难相处的；脾气坏的adv.di
33、sagreeably不合口味地；不愉快地n.disagreement不一致；争论；意见不同Theconclusionsdisagreewiththefacts.这些结论与事实不符。Sheseemedtodisagreewiththisdecision.她似乎不同意这个决定。Thetwofriendsdisagreedviolentlyandpartedcompany.两个朋友激烈争吵后分手了。Coldweatherdisagreeswithher.寒冷天气对她不适宜。backFatfactsHow much is too much body fat?Itisgenerallyacceptedt
34、hatmenshouldhavelessthan18%totalbodyfatandwomenlessthan23%andthatanexcessisnotparticularlyhazardoustohealthuntillevelsreach35%and40%totalbodyfatrespectively.So what is percent body fat?Percentbodyfatisthepercentageofthetotalbodythatisfat.Thussomeonewhoweighs150poundsandis10%fathas15poundsoffattytiss
35、ue.Where does body fat come from?Fatisproducedbythebodywhenthedietprovidesthebodywithmorecaloriesthanitneedsforgeneralmaintenanceanditscurrentlevelofphysicalactivity.How do I lose excess fat?Theremovalofexcessfatisachievedbyconsuminglesscaloriesthanthebodyrequires.Thebodysfatstoreswillbebrokendownto
36、addressthedeficit.How does exercise affect body fat?Anincreaseinregularexercisewillhelptoincreaseyourcalorieexpenditure.Themorephysicalactivityyoudothemorecaloriesyouwillburn.Accordingly,ifyouincreaseyourphysicalactivity,anddonotincreaseyourintakeoffood,youwilldrawtheextraenergyneededfromyourstoredb
37、odyfat.Can I get fat off from a specific part of the body?Thesimpleanswerisno.Ifyouexerciseaparticularpartofthebody,muscletissueunderthefatwillbecomefirmandmaketheoverallappearanceofthatregionlookbetter.However,suchspecificexercisewillnotreducethequantityoffatwithinthearea.Simplybyjoggingyouwillnotj
38、ustreducethefataroundthelegsandhips,thefatprovidingenergyforthisactivitymaybecomingfromthestomach,chin,backetc.How many calories will it take to lose one pound of fat?Forlongtermweightlossyouneedtoexpendapproximately4000caloriestoloseonepoundoffat.Why do gains in weight always seem to go on the same
39、 place?Thebodytendstodepositfataccordingtoyourindividualgeneticcode.Femaleswillaccumulatefataroundtheirthighsandhips,malesaroundthemidriff.Can I sweat off excess weight in a steam room or sauna?Thelossofweightthroughexcesssweatingasexperiencedinthesauna/steamroomisnotfatbutwater.Suchweightreturnsimm
40、ediatelyyouconsumefluid.Consequentlyifyoulosesaytwoandahalfpoundsinasessioninthesteambathyouwillreplaceitwithapproximatelythenexttwopintsofwaterdrunk(onepintofwaterweighsapoundandaquarter).Howeverandobviouslymoreworryingisthatifthefluidlossisreplacedbyahighcaloriedrinkyoumayendupgainingfatsbecauseof
41、yourweightlossattempt.What are Essential Fat and Storage Fat?Essential fat,requiredfornormalphysiologicalfunctioning,consistsoffatstoredinthemarrow骨髓ofbones,heart,lungs,liver,spleen脾脏,kidneys肾脏,intestines肠,musclesandlipidrichtissuesofthecentralnervoussystem.Infemales,theextra9%offatisrequiredforchil
42、dbearingandotherhormonalrelatedfunctions.Storage fatconsistsoffataccumulationinadiposetissue脂肪组织.Menandwomenhavesimilarquantitiesofstoragefat-onaverage12%formenand15%forwomen.backidentical twinsIdenticaltwins同卵双胞胎同卵双胞胎fraternaltwins异卵双胞胎Identical完全相同的Theyre wearing identical clothes. 他们穿着完全相同的衣服Beid
43、enticalwith/tobackrearedRearvt.培养；树立；栽种adv.向后；在后面adj.后方的；后面的；背面的n.后面；屁股；后方部队Reardoor后门Rearmirror后视镜Reararea后方区域Sherearedsixteenchildren,sixherownandtenherhusbands(抚养)Shespendsalotoftimerearinganimals（饲养）Theyrearedamonumenttocommemoratethegreatmusician.（树立，建立）BackattributeAttributeto1.多亏；把(某事物)归因于(或归
44、功于)；认为是的结果：Sheattributeshergreatagetocarefullyplanneddiet.她认为她的高寿是精心安排饮食的结果。2.认为是所有(或所作)：toattributeapaintingtoanartist.认为这幅画是一名画家画的3.认为(品性、品质、特征)属于：Weattributecouragetothelionandcunningtothefox.我们认为狮子勇敢而狐狸却狡黠。4.确定产生的时间、时期或地点等：toattributeadiscoverytoaparticularcountry确定一个发现源于某国表示因果关系的动词和动词短语通常包括：att
45、ribute to（归因于归因于）,Sheattributeshergreatagetocarefullyplanneddietderivefrom（来源于）,ThecustomderivesitsoriginfromBuddhismoriginatefrom（来源于）,stemfrom（来源于）,Thefirestemedfromlightstrickenbytheelectricalappliance.contributeto有助于VariousfactorscontributedtohisdownfallbackdifferingDiffer不同，有异不同，有异Thestoryhetol
46、dpolicedifferedfromtheonehetoldhismother.他在警方和母亲那里说辞不一。Thatiswherewediffer.那就是我俩看法不一的地方。Governments of differing political persuasions continued to support the subsidies.不同政治派别的各层政府都继续维持补贴。Itsoon became evident that they held differing theories. 没多久就显出两人的意见截然不同。 Back tiedto heredityTiedto相关联relatedt
47、oheredityhredtInheritance.继承；遗传；遗产heritage遗产；传统；继承物；继承权legacy遗赠，遗产Backpredisposepredispose预先处置；使偏向于1.Ifsomethingpredisposesyoutothinkorbehaveinaparticularway,itmakesitlikelythatyouwillthinkorbehaveinthatway.使很可能(以某方式思考或行事)FORMAL例：Theytakepainstohirepeoplewhosepersonalitiespredisposethemtoservecustom
48、erswell.他们煞费苦心雇用那些具备把顾客服务好的个性的人。predisposedADJ有倾向的v-linkADJ例：.peoplewhoarepredisposedtoviolentcrime.有暴力犯罪倾向的人们。2.Ifsomethingpredisposesyoutoadiseaseorillness,itmakesitlikelythatyouwillsufferfromthatdiseaseorillness.使很可能患(某疾病)FORMAL例：.agenethatpredisposespeopletoalcoholism.使易于嗜酒的基因。predisposedADJ易患的v
49、-linkADJ例：Somepeoplearegeneticallypredisposedtodiabetes.有些人先天性易患糖尿病。Backadjustadjust：调节/调整以改变.使得适应，相当于汉语的“调准,校正，使符合”，如：adjustthewatch把表拨准adjusttheerrors校正误差adjusttheaccounts清理帐目adjustthelosses评定损失adapt：使合适或适应某种特定用法或状况，相当于汉语的“使适应，使顺应，改编”，如：aspeciesthathasadaptedwelltowinterclimes.很适应冬天气候的物种adapteamov
50、iefromanovel.由小说改编电影adapt:1)tomakesthsuitableforanewneedorpurpose2)tochangeyourbehaviourorideastofitanewsituationeg:Headaptedanoldcarenginetouseinhisboat.adjust:1)tocorrectorslightlychangethepositionofsth2)tochangetosuitaparticularsituationornewconditioneg:Headjustedhistie.accustom:tomakesomeoneused
51、tostheg:Hehadtoaccustomhimselftothecoldweatherofhisnewcityadjust和adapt的区别:一、Adjust：1及物动词vt.：调节,使适合,校准adjustaradio(dial)调准收音机的选台指针adjustcoloronaTV调整电视的色彩adjustonestieinamirror照镜子整理领带2及物动词vt.使适合于toadjustatelescopetooneseye调节望远镜使之适合眼睛观看3及物动词vt.调整adjustaclock调准时钟二、adapt：1及物动词vt.：(改装)使适合，改编。maketofitinan
52、ewplace;makefitforHeadaptedhisoldcarenginetotheboat.他把他的旧汽车上的引擎用到那只船上。adaptsth.foraparticularuse使某物适合某一特殊用途三当表示：改变。适应环境时adjust和adapt则差不多。常跟to搭配。Thebodyadjustsitselftochangesoftemperature.身体会自行适应温度的变化。Youmustadjustyourselftonewconditions.你必须使自己适应新的环境。Hesoonadjustedtoarmylife.他很快就适应了军队生活。adaptoneselft
53、oanewjob使自己适应新的工作adaptonesthinkingtothenewsituation使思想适应新形势backinresponsetoinresponseto响应；回答；对有反应inanswertoIhurriedinresponsetomyfriendssummonsforhelp.我应召急忙前去帮助我的朋友。Millionsofpeoplegavefreelyinresponsetothefamineappeal.千百万人响应救灾呼吁而慷慨解囊。Inresponsetotheirhospitality,wewroteathank-younote.为回报他们的热情，我们写了一
54、封感谢信。Inresponsetoaninquiry,quotationsmaybesent.在答复询价时，可寄送报价单。backtriggersIfsomethingtriggersaneventorsituation,itcausesittobegintohappenorexist.引起例：.theincidentwhichtriggeredtheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWar.引起第一次世界大战爆发的事件。Trigger offmeansthesameastrigger.引起例：Itisstillnotclearwhateventstriggeredoffthede
55、monstrations.还不清楚是什么事件引发了示威。5.N-COUNTIfsomethingactsasatriggerforanotherthingsuchasanillness,event,orsituation,thefirstthingcausesthesecondthingtobegintohappenorexist.引发的原因例：Stressmayactasatriggerfortheseillnesses.压力也许是引发这些疾病的一个原因。backGeneticMarker遗传标记GeneticMarker指可追踪染色体、染色体某一节段、某个基因座在家系中传递的任何一种遗传特
56、性。它具有两个基本特征，即可遗传性和可识别性，因此生物的任何有差异表型的基因突变型均可作为遗传标记。遗传标记包括形态学标记(morphologicalmarker)、细胞学标记(cytologicalmarker)、生物化学标记(biochemicalmarker)、免疫学标记(ImmuneGeneticMarkers)和分子标记(molecularmarker)五种类型backRockefellerUniversityTheRockefellerUniversityisaprivateuniversitythatofferspostgraduateandpostdoctoraleducati
57、on.ItislocatedonUpperEastSideofManhattaninNewYorkCity.WhatisnowTheRockefellerUniversitywasfoundedin1901asTheRockefellerInstituteforMedicalResearchbyoilbaronandphilanthropist(flnrpst)JohnD.Rockefeller,whohadearlierfoundedtheUniversityofChicagoin1889.Foritsfirstsixdecades,theinstitutefocusedonfosterin
58、gbasicscienceandbiomedicalengineering.Itaddededucationtoitsmissioninmid20thcenturyand,in1965,changeditsnametoTheRockefellerUniversity23NobelPrizewinnershavebeenassociatedwiththeuniversity.FacultymemberswontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1999,2000,and2001,andtheNobelPrizeinChemistryin2003.backWh
59、-nounclause1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语：Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：Inonesownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：Theclubwillgivewhoe
60、verwinsaprize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语：MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Imnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.那取决于我们去
61、哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.还没决定谁做这项工作。Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.他们何时结婚依然不明。backinvalidateValid有效的，有根据的；正当的,合法的validity合理性例：Theeditorialsaysthisargumenthaslostmuchofitsvalidity.这篇社论说该论点已失去了其许多合理性。.-ate动词后缀，表示“做，造成”：deviate背离.偏离，decel
62、erate减速，accelerate加速，operate操作.手术，adfibrillate除颤，vibrate振动颤动，migrate移动，angulate成角，anticipate预期，期望，abbreviate缩写separate,indicatebackimpendingImpend迫近，逼近；即将来临：astormthatisimpending即将来临的一场暴风雨Heknewthedangerimpending overhim.他知道迫在眉睫的危险。Impending,impendingdeath濒死；垂死backrecidivismraterecidivismrisidivizm.再犯，累犯recidivismrate屡犯率recidivist惯犯habitualcriminalbackrecommendrekmendrecommendvt.推荐，介绍；劝告；使受欢迎；托付Ijustspentavacationthereandwouldrecommendittoanyone.（推荐）Westronglyrecommendreportingtheincidenttothepolice.（建议）Herecommendedmetochangemywayoflifeletterofrecommendation，referenceletterback结束结束
