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1、AbstractWritingIntroductionAnabstractisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewritingscontentsinabbreviatedform.PartsofanAbstractMotivation:Why do we careabouttheproblemandtheresults?Problem statement:
2、Whatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?Whatisthescopeofyourwork?Approach:How did you go about solvingormakingprogressontheproblem?Results:Whats the answer?Conclusions:What are the implicationsofyouranswer?Length100150words，15ofthefullpaperU.S.A.:250wordsformasterthesisabstract，350wordsforDoctordissertationa
3、bstract.第一部分第一部分 摘要的内容摘要的内容一、说明性摘要简明介绍论文涉及的议题和论点，主要概括论文的涉及范围、研究方向和研究目的，不涉及论据和结论。容易理解，但无法提供更多的详细信息Sample1RoleofPathwayinSelf-AccessCentersAbstractThisarticlediscussessomerolesforself-accesspathways,particularlyincultureswhichhavenotraditionofself-study.Itsuggestshowpathwaysmightinfluencethedesignandr
4、unningofself-accesscenters,andgivesanillustrationofhowpathwaysweredesignedandemployedinacenterinChina.Feedbackisbasedonmini-surveydistributedtothirtyusers.Analysis:1.mainpoints(1)rolesforself-accesspathway(2)influencetothedesignandrunningofself-accesscenter(3)howpathwayweredesignedandemployedinacent
5、reinChina2.originalmaterialSample2From the aspects of English title,authorssignatureandaffiliation,EnglishabstractandEnglishkeywords,thepaperdescribesthewritingcharacteristics,patternsandsomeerrors that should be avoided inabstractwriting.Atthetime,itstressespayingattentiontotheobjectiveness,science
6、andlanguagestyleofabstractwriting.ThestandardizationofEnglishabstractwritingwillbebeneficialtothesci-techpaperstobequotedbyInternationalabstractjournals,andtotheimpactsofscientificresearchinChina.使用范畴一般在一般在科研科研论文中不予使用论文中不予使用刊登在文献索引期刊中讨论性文章、综述性文章、图书或某些会议论文集二.信息性摘要 是原文内容要点的总结，报道原文献中的具体内容：知识背景或文献回顾研究的主
7、要目的和范围所使用的研究手段和方法主要研究结果和结论、以及建议等。要求结构完整，语言简洁易懂，反映论文的基本面貌，一般情况下能够代替阅读论文全文。重点突出文中提及的新发现，新结论。要注解标题，给出答案，描述步骤，突出与传统研究的差异。此类文摘篇幅稍长，一般为100250词，多者可达500词1000词。Example纳米纳米ZnO生长及性质分析生长及性质分析GrowthandPropertiesofNanoZnOAbstract:Byusinglow-pressuremetal-organicchemicalvaporphasedeposition（LP-MOCVD）technology, Zn
8、O nanorods(纳 米 柱 )were grown with ZnO particles ascatalyst on Si （111） substratessurface. X-ray diffraction （XRD）,Ramanspectroscopy,scanningelectronmicroscopy（SEM）,photoluminescence（PL）wereusedtocharacterizethecrystallinequality,crystalstructure,surfacepropertiesandopticalpropertiesoftheZnOnano-rods
9、amples.TheresultsshowthatZnOnano-rodshaveapreferentialc-axisorientation.(轴择优取向性)OxygenpartialpressurewasfoundtohaveimportantinfluenceonthegrowthofZnOnanorods.Whenoxygenpartialpressureislow,thegrowthofZnOisbasedonVLSgrowthmechanism;whenoxygenpartialpressureishigh,thegrowthofZnOisbasedonVSgrowthmechan
10、ism;ZnOgrowthcanbeoptimizedbychangingtheflowrateofN2O.CurrentlytheuseofMOCVDandZnOcatalyst(催化剂)forthegrowthofnano-ZnOarraysarelessreported.ThepaperhasenrichedZnOnano-materialssynthesizingmethods,andthegrowthcontrolmechanismwasdiscussed.摘要:利用低压金属有机化学气相沉积（LP-M0cVD）技术，在表面含有ZnO颗粒作为催化剂的si（111）衬底上制备了ZnO纳米
11、柱阵列。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、喇曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、光致发光（PL）谱分析了样品的晶体结构质量、表面性质和光学性质。结果表明，生长出来的纳米ZnO具有较好的轴择优取向性。发现氧分压对ZnO纳米柱的生长有重要影响：当氧分压较低时，生长基于VLS机制；当氧分压较高时，生长基于VS机制；通过对N2O流量的控制可实现对ZnO纳米材料的可控生长.使用范畴研究或试验报告研究论文及专题论文第二部分第二部分 摘要的撰写要求摘要的撰写要求WritingPrinciples行文原则PrincipleA.B.C.A:AccuracyB:BrevityC:ClarityA:Accura
12、cyAccurateexpressionbyrightwordse.g.symtom-sighsafety-securitysafetyprecautions,safetybelt,safetyvalve,safetyisland,safetyoperation(安全，平安)SecurityCouncil，securitycategory，securityvan（安全，保障，保护）B:BrevityUseshortsentencesmostlye.g.Theonsetofchronicleukemiaisfrequentlysoinsidiousthatitisaccidentlydiscov
13、eredwhenabloodcountisobtainedforotherreasonsorwhenthepatientreportstohisphysicianthathehasnotedafewenlargedlymphnotesorfelt,whilebathing,afirmleftquadrantabdominalmass.Changethelongoneintoshort:Theonsetofchronicleukemiaisfrequentlysoinsidious.itisaccidentlyfoundwhenabloodcountisobtainedforotherreaso
14、ns.Sometimesthepatientsowndiscoveryofafewenlargedlymphnotesandfirmleftquadrantabdominalmassmayleadtoitsdiagnosis.Getridoftheunnecessarywordsinasentence.e.g.Englishlanguageisaboutone-halfredundant.to:Englishishalfredundant.C:ClarityWell-structured,notexaggerated,specificallydescribede.g.Thecross-sect
15、ionwas(6.250.26)*10-24cm2*not:thecross-sectionwasmeasured.BeobjectiveDonotusefollowingwords:perhaps,maybe,likely,possibly,probablyDonotusetendentiouscomments缩短摘要的方法1.摘要中的第一句话尽量不要与题名重复。e.g.AWaveFunctionfortheHCenterinLiF.AwavefunctionfortheHcenterinLiF(白血病抑制因子)isproposedassumingalinearcombinationofap
16、propriatemolecularorbits(分子轨道).Alinearcombinationofappropriatemolecularorbitsisassumed.The2.取消一些不必要的词句。e.g.inthispaper,itisreportedthat,Extensiveinvestigationsshowthat.Theauthordiscusses,Thispaperconernedwith.3.减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述或者不必要的背景信息。可以对物理量单位及通用词语适当简化。e.g.3kmforThreekilometers,5sforfivesecondsU.S
17、.fortheUnitedStates第三部分第三部分 摘要的文体摘要的文体语言特点语言特点u谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份相对复杂。u大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词。u使用不提及人的陈述句。1.尽量使用短句子，但也应避免简单单调。e.g.Anenhancement,whichisnamedasABC,isproposedtogetamorepowerfulobject-orientedmethod.改为：Anenhancement,ABC,isproposed.Itisamorepowerfulobject-orientedmethod.2.正确使用冠词、包括the,a,an3.用
18、预置短语分开或者用连字符断开名词组，避免长形容词修饰名词4.造句时尽量使动词靠近主语。e.g.Thede-colorizationinsolutionsofthepigmentindioxane,whichwereexposedto10hofUVirradiation,wasirreversible.改成:Thede-colorizationwasirreversibleafter10hofUVirradiationwhilethepigmentwasdissolvedindioxane.5.尽量应用重要的事实开头，避免短语或者从句开头e.g.Fromdataobtainedexperimen
19、tally,fuelconsumptioninareactorcorewasdetermined.改成：Fuelconsumptioninareactorcorewasdeterminedfromdataobtainedexperimentally6.删繁就简，用合适的短语代替从句，用合适的词代替短语e.g.hasbeenfoundtoincreaseincreasedwasconsideredtobewasitwouldseemthatseemingly7.摘要中尽量避免使用第一人称we，I为主语。e.g.Inthispaper,wediscusstheapplicationconditio
20、nsofthismethodTheapplicationconditionsofthismethodarediscussed.摘要的时态一般现在时（主要时态）一般过去时现在完成时一般现在时叙述研究方法和目的Example：Thisarticlesetsoutfourofthemainmisconceptions,discusseswhytheyhavearisen,andwhytheycanbesodescribed.介绍研究背景中不受时间影响的普遍事实。ExampleCoffeehasseveralmetaboliceffectsthatcouldreducetheriskofgallsto
21、neformation.咖啡具有几种可降低胆石形成的代谢作用。报道研究结果Example：Theresultsshowthattheperiodofinductionandthepatentperiodofstressorcanbeinitiallyconfirmedbytheelectricalconductivityofmediumandthevariabilityofsolubleproteinintomato.陈述结论，提出建议或是描述一般规律Example：Indoingthis,thearticleattemptstodefinesomeimportantcharacteristi
22、csofcommunicativelanguageteachingasitispracticedatpresent.一般过去时一般过去时介绍研究过程：Example：Inordertoseparateandextractthesubstance,tomatowasfirstlyculturedintotallynutrientsolution,thenshiftedtotheincompletelynutrientsolutiontilltheperiodof3leavesandcore.现在完成时现在完成时描述已做过的工作，以表达延续性Example：Manhasnotyetdiscover
23、edaneffectivecureforthecommoncold.（人类至今尚未发现一种有效治疗感冒的方法。）介绍研究背景中某种研究动向Example：Thepatientshavebeenfollowedfor15to32yearssincethebeginningoftheirdisease.EI数据库建议用过去时态叙述作者工作；用现在时态叙述作者结论。灵活选用不同时态原则：以基本时态为基础（一般现在时和一般过去时），根据句子需要选用Example：However,littlehasbeendoneonhowtomaketheoperationschedulesafterthejobse
24、quenceshavebeendetermined.摘要的语态目前，英文摘要仍以被动语态具多，这种语态“可以在主语部分集中较多的信息，起到信息前置，语义鲜明突出的效果。”主动语态有增长的趋势，认为“主动语态表达的语句文字清晰、简捷明快，表现力强，动作的执行者和动作的承受者一目了然，往往那给人一种干净利落、泾渭分明的感觉。”摘要中的语法修辞(1)力求简捷atatemperatureof250to300at250to300atahighpressureof2kPaat2kPahasbeenfoundtoincreaseincreasedfromtheexperimentalresults,itca
25、nbeconcludedthattheresultsshow(2)能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语，那用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语measuring accuracy measurementaccuracyexperimentresultsexperimentalresults(3)可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用of句型accuracyofmeasurementmeasurementaccuracystructureofcrystalcrystalstructure(4)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式Measurementofthicknessofplasticshee
26、twasmadeThickness of plastic sheet wasmeasured(5)一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰，可改用复合词，兼用后置定语thermaloxidationapparentactivationenergyapparentactiveenergyofthermo-oxidation(热氧化的表面活性能量)ExerciseAdetailedstudyofthemeltingbehavioroforientedisotacticpolypropylenehasbeencarriedoutusingdifferentialscanningcalorimetry.(用
27、DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为)Theorientationinisotacticpolypropylenewasproducedbyextrudingitinsolidphase(固体拉伸取向). Atextrusionratio(ER )greaterfour,twomeltingpeakswereobserved.WithincreasingER,thelowertemperaturepeakwasfoundtoshifttohighertemperature.Thecorrespondingshiftinthehighertemperaturepeakwasmuchless(两个熔融峰及其
28、随拉伸比的变化).Itisshownthatthesepeaksoriginateinthemeltingofcrystallinespecieshavingdifferentdegreesofcrystaldisorderandstereo-blockcharacter(存在不同晶体).此例回答了如下四个问题：回答做了什么?（研究工作范围）用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为回答怎样做的?（实验要点）固体拉伸取向回答结果如何?（主要结论）两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化回答原因何在?（结果的解释,结论）存在不同晶体第四部分第四部分 常用句型和表达方法常用句型和表达方法回顾某领域已取得的研究结果或介绍相关
29、知识常用动词:present,summarize,review,outline句式：ispresentedinthispaper.ThispaperreviewsthemethodfordealingwithThisarticlesummarizesthetheoryon阐明论文写作和研究目的常用词：名词：purpose,aim,objective,goal动词：aim,attemptto,initiate,intendto,seek句式：ThepurposeofthisstudyistoexplorenewmethodsonThepaperattempttodefineintermsofTh
30、estudyisaimedatfindingoutthebasicsimilaritiesbetweenandThemainobjectiveoftheworkistojustifyTheprimarygoalofthisresearchisThemainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeofBasedonrecentresearch,theauthorintendstooutlinetheframeworkofTheauthorsarenowinitiatingsomeexperimentalinvestigatio
31、ntoestablish陈述论文观点和作者观点常用词：argue,accountfor,address,characterize,concern,contribute,describe,disclose,dealwith,devoteto,explain,introduce,present,report句式：ThispaperpresentsthemathematicalmodelanditsalgorithmusedforThecalibrationandexperimentdesignofmultivariateforcesensorsarediscussed.Thispaperrepor
32、tsthepreparationandquantumconfinementeffectsofTheprinciplesandmethodologyoflanguageteachingaredescribedinthisarticle.ThispaperismainlydevotedtoWeconcerntheassessmentsofthenewmethodfor介绍研究过程和研究范围常用词过程：analyze,consider,discuss,examine,study,investigate,state,propose范围：contain,cover,include,outline,sco
33、pe,field,domain句式：Thecharacteristicofwasinvestigated.ThepaperanalyzesthepossibilityofWestudytheone-step-synthesismethodforinthispaper.ThisarticlediscussesthemethodofcalculationofTheprincipleofconstructingisproposedThispaperstatesthereasonsforThisstudyidentifiessomeproceduresforThisarticleoutlinesthe
34、preliminaryprocessofThescopeofthestudycoversOurstudyincludesThepapercontainsthespecifictopicon介绍计算、测量常用词：calculate,compute,determine,estimate,measure,workout句式：ThispaperdeterminesthepropertemperatureforThecoolingratewascalculatedbymeansofTherationalrageofpowerismeasuredbyInthepaper,wemeasuredtheorie
35、ntationandestimatedparameterforTheauthorworkedouttheprobabilityofTheauthorhascomputedequilibriumconstantKand阐明论证常用词：confirm,demonstrate,find,identify,indicate,monitor,note,observe,pointout,prove,provide句式：TheresultofcalculationshowsthatTheinitialparticlesarefoundtobeItisfoundthattheamorphoussiliconn
36、itrideshowatendencyinItisnotedthatcanbefoundinTheresultprovidesasoundbasisforThestudyofthosepropertiesindicateTheexperimentalresultsdemonstratethatTheeffectsofwereobservedandmonitored.说明试验过程常用词：experiment,test,sample句式：Thesamplesofpyroelectricceramics(电释热陶瓷)werecollectedbyWesampledthebloodandurineof
37、ThebloodscreeningtestfortheAIDSantibodyhasbeencarriedoutonWeexperimentedonthesinteringproperty(流延特性)ofThenewprotocolarchitecturefordistributedmultimediasystemshasbeentestedin介绍应用、用途常用词：application,use及其动词形式句式：Inthispaper,theczochralskicrystalgrowthmethodhasbeenappliedintechniqueisusedtoTheapplicatio
38、nofthenewdesignistodevelopandmaintain展示研究结果常用词：result,cause,increase,lessen,asaresult,resultin,arriveat句式：AsaresultwehavegotpureparticleofTheresultofobservationshowthatThefindingofourresearchonmethodologiesinisTheresultsofcalculationshowthattheminimumvelocityarrivesatTherelationshipbetweenandischara
39、cterizedbyTheroomtemperatureresistivityislessenedto介绍结论常用词：conclude,summary,tosumup,leadto,inconclusion,conclusion句式：ItisconcludedthattheabsorptionspectraoftwokindsofparticlesincludeWeconcludedthatItisconcludedthatTheconclusionofourresearchisOnthebasisof,thefollowingconclusioncanbedrawnFinally,asumm
40、aryisgivenofTosumup,wehaverevealedOurargumentproceedsinTheresearchhasledtothediscoveryof进行评述句式TherearehardlyanydataaboutMiddlemanagementisconsideredasthego-betweenofTheshapesandlocationsoftheseinclusionsarebelievedtoberelatedtoThefindingisacknowledgedasessentialto.ExistingmethodsarenotsufficientforI
41、tisdifficulttoimprovethetherapyundertheconditionsofThedisproportionofagegroupswillunfortunatelyleadtoTheimproperuseofmethodswouldseriouslyinfluencetheperformanceofThesubjectwilldeepentheunderstandingofHowever,itdoesnotmeanthatthereisnolimitationofItiswell-knownthatinthefieldof,therearestilldifficult
42、iesandchallenges.Environmentalprotectionhasbecomethemostimportantconcernof推荐和建议常用词：propose,suggest,recommend句式：ThecalculationsuggeststhatBulksilkisproposedtobethealternativeofordinarysilkbecauseThefiniteelementmethodisrecommendedto提出进一步研究的可能性常用词：demand,desirable,expect,necessary,necessity,need,requi
43、re,requirement句式：AnothertermoftheneedaddressingbecauseHowever,thedevelopmentofMRIisabsolutelynecessaryforToestablishamodelcontinuestobeamajorconcernforTheunderwaymeasurementofseasurfacetemperaturehasmaditnecessarytorequiresmoreworkonMoreconcernaboutthebloodcleaningpointouttheneedforThereisagrowingde
44、mandforThereisasurgeintheuseofAlthoughthereisalreadyanefficientprocedure,morestudyisstillneeded.突出论文重点常用词：concentrate,emphasize,focuson,payattentionto,placeemphasison,chiefconsideration,emphasis,maintopic/subject,majorconcern.句式：ThispaperfocusesonThedevelopmentofistheprimaryconcernofthispaper.ParticularattentionispaidonthecultivationofInterfacestructureisemphasizedinthearticlebecauseThispaperconcentratesontheeffectsofThechiefconsiderationisTheEnd
