也就是我们要消除人,机器和的降低也就是我们要消除人,机器和管理成本上的浪费管理成本上的浪费(MUDA)!(MUDA)!What is Muda•MUDAMUDA 是日文的英语发音是日文的英语发音中文意思是中文意思是浪费浪费•NO VALUE ADDED NO VALUE ADDED 没有价值增加没有价值增加What is MUDAMUDA浪费 Work 工作 Unavoidable 不可避免 Avoidable 可避免Any operation includes Work and Muda任何运作都包含有用功和浪费Motion移动No Value Added没有价值增加Operation before KAIZEN运作改善前What is MUDAMUDA WorkUnavoidable AvoidableVSM is intended to take Kaizen activity and to apply NPS skills to eliminate all kinds of MUDA for increasing the part of work.自主研究会目的是采取改善活动和应用NPS技术去消除各种浪费以增加工作的比重。
Operation after KAIZEN运作改善后Work工作Value Added价值增加Work Enhance and Work Kaizen•Work Enhance:To add more work load on operation but not reduce MUDA •工作强化:给操作者增加工作量,但不消除浪费•Work Kaizen :To remove MUDA so that there have more time for work•工作改善:减少浪费从而有更多时间用于工作续下Work Enhance and Work KaizenCurrent situation目前的工作现状目前的工作现状(load:20 Kg)负荷量为负荷量为20公斤公斤Work工作工作10KgMUDA浪费浪费10Kg续下Work Enhance and Work KaizenWork Enhance劳动强化劳动强化(Load 25Kg)负荷量为负荷量为2525公斤公斤Work工作工作10KgMUDA浪费浪费10KgWork工作工作2.5KgWork工作工作2.5Kg续下Work Enhance and Work KaizenWork Kaizen工作改善(Load 20 Kg)负荷量仍为负荷量仍为20公斤公斤Work工作工作10 KgWork工作工作5 KgMUDA浪费浪费5 Kg续下Seven Kinds of MUDA•INVENTORY • 库存Water level 水平面水平面= Inventory库存库存Rock = Problem岩石岩石=问题问题Seven Kinds of MUDA•OVER-PRODUCTION • 过量生产Seven Kinds of MUDA•WAITING/MONITORING•等待/观察Seven Kinds of MUDA•REJETCTS/REWORKS•不合格品/返工Seven Kinds of MUDA•TRANSPORTATION•运输Seven Kinds of MUDA•MOTION•动作Seven Kinds of MUDA•PROCESSING•加工过程MUDA of Inventory•This refers to all of the inventory(materials, Work-In-Process and finished goods) that derives from the process of production and Transportation.•这提到的全部库存(原料,在制品和完成品)来源于生产工这提到的全部库存(原料,在制品和完成品)来源于生产工序工序和运输工序。
序工序和运输工序•Inventory is the root of evil•库存是罪恶的根源库存是罪恶的根源续下MUDA of Inventory库存的浪费库存的浪费•Results is MUDA of Transportation,storage, allocation, security and search•运输,仓储,放置,防护和寻找的浪费结果运输,仓储,放置,防护和寻找的浪费结果•Difficulty for First-In-First-Out product flow•使产品先进先出的流动困难使产品先进先出的流动困难•Loss in interest and management expense•损失利息和管理费用损失利息和管理费用•Down Value of the material/product•材料材料/产品的价值下降产品的价值下降•Increasing space requirement and results in MUDA of investment of expansion of warehouse and plant.•增加空间的需求,结果使仓库和工厂的建设投资浪费增加空间的需求,结果使仓库和工厂的建设投资浪费MUDA of Inventory续下MUDA of Inventory•Inventory results in hiding problems.•库存的结果是隐藏了问题库存的结果是隐藏了问题•Principle:To expose the problem. First is to cut down the level of inventory.•原则:要使问题暴露,首先必须降原则:要使问题暴露,首先必须降低库存的水平。
低库存的水平续下Water level 水平面水平面= Inventory库存库存Rock = Problem岩石岩石=问题问题•Inventory results in hiding problems.•库存的结果是隐藏了问题库存的结果是隐藏了问题MUDA of InventoryMUDA of InventoryCan’t see rock = Problem不可见岩石=问题Cant see rock = Problem可见岩石=问题Production Fluctuation生产波动生产波动7 MUDAs7种浪费种浪费Set up time时间时间EquipmentBreakdown设备故障设备故障MUDA of Overproduction•This refers to produce anything•这指下述任一情况1) earlier than needed time and / or1) 早于需求时间和/或2) In greater volumes than needed (as indicated by Kanban or other indicators) results in excess inventory2) 数量超出需求(通过看板或其他指示器来显示)造成超量库存 Because EOQ, the overproduction qty wait for selling in the future. 因为经济批量,生产过剩的数量等待在将来出售Can it be sold in the future可在将来出售This is the needed right qty.这是需要的正确数量续下MUDA of Overproductiontherefore, the NPS production concept is Just-In-Time. JIT refers to only at the right time to produce right quality for the right type因此,NPS生产观念是即时生产。
JIT指只在正确的时间提供正确数量的正确品种的产品This enhances efficiency and enables quick response to market change.这样提高了效率和能够快速响应市场的变化续下MUDA of OverproductionAmong the different kinds of MUDA, MUDA of overproduction is the most serious.在不同种类的浪费中,过量生产的浪费是最严重的在不同种类的浪费中,过量生产的浪费是最严重的This MUDA often results in:这种浪费常常引起:这种浪费常常引起:1) MUDA of waiting and MUDA of motion 等待和动作的浪费等待和动作的浪费2) MUDA of processing and MUDA of transportation 加工和运输的浪费加工和运输的浪费3) MUDA of earlier using materials and man cost 提前使用材料和人工成本的浪费提前使用材料和人工成本的浪费.4) Increasing WIP and then extend the production Throughput Time 在制品的增加和延长产品生产周期在制品的增加和延长产品生产周期. 5) Increasing space requirement for WIP and then enlarge the transportation distance between work station 使使WIP空间需求增加和扩大两个工序间的运输距离空间需求增加和扩大两个工序间的运输距离6) Difficulty for First-In-First-Out product flow 先进先出产品流动困难先进先出产品流动困难MUDA of Waiting/MonitoringThis refers to a situation where a worker who has been working according to a standardized work sequence finds himself unable to proceed to the next job.这指的是一个工人按照一个标准化工作顺序发现自己无法继续进行这指的是一个工人按照一个标准化工作顺序发现自己无法继续进行下一步工作的情况。
下一步工作的情况续下Traditional wrong concept: Machine waiting is no good传统的错误观念:机器等待是不好的NPS new concept:Another kind of waiting MUDANPS新观念:等待是另一种浪费 Operator monitor machine running 操作者监控机器运转 Muda of watching 浪费的观察MUDA of Waiting/MornitoringMUDA of Rejects/Reworks•This refers to the MUDA of producing defective items which must be repaired or disposed. This MUDA cause loss of man, machine and materials.•这指的是产品有缺陷必须这指的是产品有缺陷必须进行修理或丢弃所产生的进行修理或丢弃所产生的浪费。
这种浪费导致人工,浪费这种浪费导致人工,机器和材料的损失机器和材料的损失续下MUDA of Transportation•Transportation itself is basically MUDA since it doesn’t add any value to the product:the more Transportation per unit,the more the final product cost. This term refers to any Transportation above the minimum necessary to keep “just-in-time”production smoothly --- such as temporary unloading, load transfer, removal of small quantities, and movement from one spot to another.•运输本身是一种浪费,它不能给产品增加任何价值:运输本身是一种浪费,它不能给产品增加任何价值:每个个体的运输越多,最终产品成本越大。
这术语起每个个体的运输越多,最终产品成本越大这术语起源于运输超出最小必要以保持源于运输超出最小必要以保持“即时生产即时生产”生产平稳生产平稳--比如暂时卸货,负荷转移,小量的移动和从一处搬至比如暂时卸货,负荷转移,小量的移动和从一处搬至另一处续下•To use conveyor to eliminate manpower for Transportation is not a Kaizen ,because Transportation is still exist. It cause another kind of MUDA---”MUDA of Capital” •利用机械来减少运输的人力资源利用机械来减少运输的人力资源不是一种改善,因为运输还是存不是一种改善,因为运输还是存在它导致另一种浪费在它导致另一种浪费--“资金的资金的浪费浪费”•the best way is to eliminate Transportation•根本办法是减少运输根本办法是减少运输MUDA of TransportationMUDA of Motion•MUDA of Motion is any human movement in production that adds no value to the product.•动作的浪费是人在生动作的浪费是人在生产中移动却没有给产产中移动却没有给产品增加价值品增加价值. .MUDA of Processing•Any work or processing that does not add value to product and advance the production process, or contribute to the precision or quality of the processed units is referred to as MUDA of processing•一些没有给产品增加价值的工作或加工和产品预加工,或预留给工序精度或质量的余量就是所谈到的加工浪费Man Efficiency•Apparent Efficiency:•表面效率•Apparent Efficiency refers to increasing product output with no change in the number of operators. it’s only a simple numerical increase untied to production need as based on sales and market demand.•表面效率指增加产品的输出而不改变操作者的数量。
它仅仅是一个简单的数值增加解决产品需求,它基于销售和市场需求时.续下Man Efficiency•True Efficiency:•精确效率• True Efficiency means producing the necessary number of parts or product that can be sold while utilizing the minimum operators and equipment as possible. It is contrasted with producing as much as possible with available operators and equipment.•精确效率意指利用最少的工人和设备来生产必要的、能够被售出的零件或产品数量成为可能与使用可用工人和设备来生产更多的做法形成对照•In essence, it is a cost reduction concept•在本质上,它是一个成本降低观念Man EfficiencyCurrent Efficiency: Labor Productivity:目前的效率目前的效率 劳动生产率劳动生产率1,000 pcs/ day /10 operators 100 pcs / day / operator1000只只/天天/10操作工操作工 100只只/天天/操作工操作工Market Demand:1000 pcs/day市场需求:市场需求:1000 1000 只只/ /天天续下Apparent Efficiency:表面效率表面效率1,250 pcs/day/10 operators 125 pcs / day / operator (+25%) (+25%)12501250只只/ /天天/10/10操作工操作工 125125只只/ /天天/ /操作工操作工Reason:原因:原因:Overproduction 250 pcs / day than market demand比市场需求超产比市场需求超产250250只只/ /天天Man EfficiencyWe’re up to 1,250 pcs / day/ 10 op.我们10个人每天可产出1250只。
But, I want 1,000 pcs /day only. Don’t need the extra 250 pcs.但是,我每天只需要1000只不需要额外的250只续下Man EfficiencyTrue Efficiency:精确效率精确效率1,000 pcs/day/8 operators 125 pcs / day / operator (+25%)10001000个个/ /天天/ 8 / 8 操作工操作工 125125只只/ /天天/ /操作工操作工Reason:原因:原因:No overproduction, eventually labor productivity is up 25%没有超产,最终的劳动生没有超产,最终的劳动生产率提高产率提高2525%%We’re improve to 1,000 pcs / day/ 8 op.我们改进为8个人每天产出1000只Good! No overproduction that’s really we want.好!没有超量生产,这正是我们需要的。
Equipment Efficiency•Rate of operation defines the actual production levels being achieved by equipment. It is the percentage of total actual production capacity during regular work hours as determined by market demand.•运转比率说明设备实际达到的生产水平它是在正常工作时间中全部实际生产能力的百分比,它被市场需求所决定•Rate of Operation•运转比率Equipment Efficiency•The time that an equipment operates maintenance free as a percentage of time during which it is switched on . This is equivalent to reliability of equipment and its maintenance.•一台设备运转维护时间空闲是安排于设备开动时的一个比值。
它是取决于设备的可靠性和它的维护•the ideal condition is to achieve 100 percent Rate of availability during the time equipment is switched on to fulfill a production order.•理想的情况是在设备完成产品定单的开动期间,达到百分之百的可用率Rate of Availability可用比率续下Equipment EfficiencyEquipment theoretical cycle time =30 second / pcs设备理论周期=30 秒/只max. capacity for 8 hours shift / day每天8小时班最大生产量8 hrs X 3600 sec / hr(8小时X3600秒/小时) 30 sec/ pcs(30秒/只) = 960 pcs / shift,(960只/班)market demand = 800 pcs / day市场需求=800只/天rate of operation market demand(市场需求)(运转率) max. capacity / day(每天最大生产量) 800 960 = 83.33%X100%=X100%==续下Equipment EfficiencyEquipment theoretical cycle time =30 second / pcs设备理论周期=30 秒/只actual cycle time = 40 sec / pcs, 实际周期时间实际周期时间 = 40 秒秒/只只market demand = 800 pcs / day 市场需求市场需求 = 800 只只 / 天天Rate of Availability (可用率)(可用率) theoretical time to produce Market demand actual time to produce Market demand 满足市场需求的理论时间满足市场需求的理论时间 满足市场需求的实际时间满足市场需求的实际时间 30 sec/pcs X 800pcs ÷3600 sec/hr 40 sec/pcs X 800pcs ÷3600 sec/hr 6.67 hrs 8.89 hrs actual output within 8 hrs theoretical output within 8 hrs 8小时实际输出小时实际输出 8小时理论输出小时理论输出 8hrs X3600 sec/hr ÷ 40 sec/pcs 8hrs X 3600 sec/hr ÷ 30 sec/pcs 720 pcs 960pcs 75%X 100%=========X 100%X 100%X 100%X 100%X 100%X 100%X 100%续下Equipment EfficiencyExpensive like this Rate of Operation will not be 100%昂贵的运转率将不会是昂贵的运转率将不会是100%100%Rate of Operation运转率planned time/day 24 hr./day计划时间/天24小时/天X100%X100%==续下Equipment EfficiencyEither the expensive or the cheap one,Rate of Availability Shall be 100%无任是昂贵还是便宜的无任是昂贵还是便宜的, ,它们它们的可动率都是的可动率都是100%100%。
Rate of Availability运转率Availability Utilization time/day Planned time / day可利用的时间/天计划时间/天X100%X100%==Individual Efficiency v.s. Overall Efficiency个体效率和整体效率Individual Efficiency:个体效率 Individual Efficiency refers to the effort to boost efficiency at a certain line, process or piece of equipment completely separate from the Overall efficiency (include earlier and later processes)个体效率指在一确定线,工序或设备的部件努力推进效率从整体效率完全脱离包括前面和后面工序)if Individual Efficiency is carried too far, a process may produce more than the necessary amount of products, or production may become uneven.如果个体效率是被提升很高,一些工序可能生产出多于必需的产品数量,或者生产变的不均衡。
I can’t我不能Individual Efficiency v.s. Overall Efficiency个体效率和整体效率Hurry up!我要走快我要走快No tempo, No progress!不合拍,不前景不合拍,不前景Individual Efficiency v.s. Overall Efficiency个体效率和整体效率One, two!One, two!一、二;一、二;一、二一、二I need to match everybody.!我应该配合大家我应该配合大家Same tempo and win!合拍,会稳赢合拍,会稳赢Individual EfficiencyMarket demand: 100pcs /day市场需求:100只/天Individual Efficiency个体效率个体效率Overall efficiency整体效率整体效率Symptom征兆征兆90 pcs / hr100 pcs / hr100 pcs / hr1.under market demand低于市场需求2.uneven production flow不均衡的生产流动3. Muda of WIP在制品的浪费1.Meet market demand适应市场需求2.uneven production flow不均衡的生产流动3. increase WIP增加在制品1.Meet market demand适应市场需求2.No Muda没有浪费ABCOUTPUTABCOUTPUTABCOUTPUT120 pcs/hr 90 100 90 130 pcs/hr 100 110 100 100 pcs/hr 100 100 100 发现浪费的方法发现浪费的方法 处于现场※不预设立场→固定观念作祟※用自己的眼睛看→不只凭他人的话来判断 ※要持续不断→不只当时,要经常观察 发现浪费的方法发现浪费的方法 1.作业者的观察 •◎消除浪费后,为了付与附加价值,不把人集合起来很难提高改善的实质效果,另外把人集合起来对于弹性地对应生产变动也相当重要。
•◎观察作业者的要点•1)配置→有无离岛?•2)整体的动作→是否有无用的步行?•3)个别的动作→是否有双手空闲的情形?•思考能否把人集合起来发现浪费的方法发现浪费的方法2.物料的观察 ◎必须观察物料的流程是否顺畅即是,缩短前置时间是相当重要的,一旦拿到料件即作业不可间断,以追求作业连贯性之提升•◎观察物料的要点•1)量→有无半成品,成品的库存?另件的量是否适当?•2)配置→另件的料位是否决定?•3)动作→搬运、包装、频率是否适当?•一旦拿到料件即不间断提升连贯性发现浪费的方法发现浪费的方法•3.设备的观察•◎是否能轻松地使设备运转?是否以作业者的活动为中心考虑机械的配置?以此观点来•观察是相当重要的•◎观察设备的要点•※模具的大小→使之成为易于运转的设备•※是否为多能机→改善费用变大•※是否为专用机→设计小型专用线•仔细观察设备如何被使用发现浪费的方法发现浪费的方法•4.时间的考量•◎依生产计划所决定的TACT TIME来生产是很重要的更进一步借着换模时间的缩短、故障的减少、不良的降低等,使生产TACT TIME更接近所要求的TACT TIME•◎时间考量的要点※TACT TIME→配合周期时间※日夜班平衡→依平准化生产※作业时间→确实是「现在」所需要的数量•以需求量决定时间基准发现浪费的方法发现浪费的方法•5.综合的观察 找寻要点人 减少一个人看看 物料 施加压力 单件流看看 设备 减少库存看看 容易发现浪费的方法容易发现浪费的方法 容易发现浪费的方法 整理、整顿 一人做完 一处作业容易发现浪费的方法容易发现浪费的方法1.整理、整顿 整理、整顿是发现问题的道具,另外也能防止问题再发,防止不断的改善。
1)整理:「区分有用品及不用品,只留下有用品」(不放置作业需要外的物品)目视管理→红牌等,"自己来做"是很重要的•2)整顿:「有用品放置在固定处」 目视管理→看板 不放置在固定处以外场所 容易发现浪费的方法容易发现浪费的方法2.一人做完藉由实施单件流生产,使问题点显现化 1)人员的集合:由一个人做完,使隐藏的问题显现化 2)以TACK TIME制造:配合TACK TIME生产看看找出问题 容易发现浪费的方法容易发现浪费的方法3.一处作业 在LAYOUT上画出动线找出问题点•1)动线之描绘:绘出搬运及步行的路线→便能看出浪费 2)将周期性搬运与非周期性搬运分离:SNP若不同便无法同步供给。